Das Gesamtbild der Alpen,baugeschichtlich betrachtet

Zusammenfassung Nach Bemerkungen über den Standort der beiden alpinen Narbenzonen wird aus den alpinen Haupt-Transgressionszeiten das höhere Alter der Ostalpen gegenüber den Westalpen abgeleitet.Aus den maximalen Zusammenschubweiten in den Schweizer Alpen, von denen die Einengungsbeträge sowohl gegen die französischen wie gegen die östlichen Alpen abflauen, wird auf einen scharfen, von NW gegen SO wirksam gewesenen Unterschub in einem tiefliegenden Hauptbewegungs-Stockwerk geschlossen. Dieses unterteuft das normale Stockwerk, in dem sich die geosynklinalen Entwicklungen abzuspielen pflegen.Genauere Feststellungen über die Bewegungsrichtungen subkrustaler Massentransporte erlauben es die bisher recht abenteuerlich anmutenden Vorstellungen von der Weite der horizontalen Verlagerungen einzuschränken.Die Tatsache der Massenerfüllung des Untergrundes einerseits, der sehr langdauernden, Tonnage-reichen Absenkungen und Heraushebungen der Erdrinde andererseits fordern eine Massenbilanz der Tiefe. Der Massenüberschuß durch Absenkung besonders in den Geosynklinalen muß ja ausgeglichen werden durch voluminöse Massenaufstiege. Solche bilden an der Erdoberfläche ausgedehnte Dehnungsgebiete. Als Kompensationsfeld der zirkum-mediterranen, geosynklinalen Absenkungen kann das große mediterrane Schollenland des europäischen Mittelmeeres mit seinen Schmelzflußaufstiegen gelten. Solche Kompensation ist allein denkbar durch subkrustale Massenströme.Mit einer Bemerkung über die Trümmerstrukturen auch der Orogene sowie über die voranschreitende Einsicht in deren divergente Struktur schließt der Aufsatz, dessen allgemeinere Folgerungen aus dem baugeschichtlichen Gesamtbild der Alpen erwachsen sind.

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Following some remarks on the location of both of the Alpine scar-zones, an older age of the Eastern Alps, as compared to the Western Alps, is deduced. This was achieved by taking in account the major Alpine transgressional periods.Maximum distances of shortening in the Swiss Alps and decrease of shortening towards the French and Eastern Alps suggest strong underthrust in NWSE direction taking place at a deep Level situated below the geosynclinal birth-zone.More exact determination of subcrustal mass-transportdirections enables to restrict rather adventurous previous concepts of horizontal displacement-ranges.Subsurface mass-increase by heavy sedimentation accompanied by very slow downbuckhng and, finally, uplift of the earth's crust altogether demand a massbalance in depth. The mass-surplus preferably in geosynclinal areas, initiated by depression, must be Compensated by extensive mass-uplifting elsewhere. Regions of such uplifts show characteristic tensional faulting. The circummediterranean géosynclinal downwarps find their area of compensation in the vast region of the European Mediterranean with its fault blocks and its effusive. Compensations of this type could be explained by subcrustal massmovements.

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Résumé Après des remarques sur le lieu des deux zones suturales alpines, on peut, en se basant sur les époques de transgression principales, déduire l'âge plus ancien des Alpes orientales par rapport aux Alpes occidentales.Partant de l'ampleur des poussées maximales dans les Alpes suisses, à partir desquelles le rétrécissement diminue tant du côté des Alpes françaises que du côté des Alpes orientales, on déduit l'existence d'une poussée sousjacente dirigée du Nord-Ouest vers le Sud-Est dans une zone à mouvements importants située en profondeur. Celle-ci plonge sous la zone normale dans laquelle les développements géosynclinaux se déroulent ordinairement.Des déterminations plus précises sur les directions de mouvement des transports de masses sous-crustaux, permettent de fixer une limitation aux propositions exagérées sur l'ampleur des déplacements horizontaux.Le fait fondamental, d'une part du remplissage massif dans le soubassement, d'autre part des affaissements et soulèvements de longue durée qui intéressent de grands volumes de l'écorce terrestre impliquent un bilan de masses dans les profondeurs.L'excès de masses dû â l'affaissement, spécialement dans les géosynclinaux, doit être égalisé par des montées de masses volumineuses.Ces dernières forment à la surface de l'écorce terrestre des régions soumises à extension sur de grandes étendues. Comme région de compensation des affaissements géosynclinaux circum-méditerranéens, on peut envisager le grand massif méditerranéen de la Méditerranée européenne avec ses montées magmatiques. Une telle compensation ne peut être imaginée sans courants de masses souscrustaux.Enfin, quelques remarques sur les structures de dislocation de l'orogène terminent l'exposé.

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Der Tagesgang des Energiehaushaltes der bodennahen Luftschicht

Zusammenfassung Die Vorgänge in der bodennahen Luftschicht, wie Erwärmung, Abkühlung, Nebelbildung und-auflösung, werden durch die Divergenz der Strahlungsbilanz und die Divergenzen der durch Austausch bedingten Ströme fühlbarer und latenter Wärme verursacht. Diese Divergenzen besitzen wie die Temperatur und die Wärmeströme selbst einen charakteristischen Tagesgang. Für eine Luftschicht hängen die Tagesgänge dieser Divergenzen und der zeitlichen Änderung von fühlbarer und latenter Wärme über den Satz von der Erhaltung der Energie eng miteinander zusammen; sie bilden in ihrer Gesamtheit den Tagesgang des Energiehaushaltes der Luftschicht. Für zwei verschiedene Fälle wird der Tagesgang des Energiehaushaltes für die untersten 6 m der Atmosphäre berechnet und diskutiert. Dabei wird das Zusammenspiel von Strahlungs- und Austauschvorgängen bei den Ereignissen in der bodennahen Luftschicht deutlich.

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Summary The phenomena in the air layer near the ground like heating, cooling, formation and dissolution of fog, are caused by the divergence of the radiation balance and the divergences of fluxes effected by exchange of sensible and latent heat. These divergences show a characteristic daily variation like temperature and heat fluxes. The daily variations of these divergences and of the variations of sensible and latent heat in a given air layer are in close relation according to the law of the maintenance of energy. In their totality they constitute the daily variation of the energy economy of that air layer. The author computes and discusses the daily variation of the energy economy of the six first meters of the atmosphere for two different cases. The combined acting of the processes of radiation and exchange is thus demonstrated by the phenomena in the air layer near the ground.

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Résumé Les phénomènes qui peuvent être observés dans les couches d'air voisines du sol, tels que réchauffement, refroidissement, formation et dissolution du brouillard, sont provoqués par des divergences du bilan radiatif et par des divergences des flux provoqués par l'échange de chaleurs soit sensible soit latente. Ces divergences présentent une évolution journalière caractéristique tout comme la température et les courants de chaleur euxmêmes. Dans une couche d'air déterminée, les courbes journalières de ces différences ainsi que dos variations des chaleurs sensible et latente sont en étroite relation par l'équation du maintient de l'énergie. Elles constituent dans leur ensemble la variation journalière de l'économie d'énergie de la dite couche d'air. L'auteur calcule et discute l'évolution journalière de l'économie énergétique des six premiers mètres de l'atmosphère et cela pour deux cas différents. L'action combinée des processus de rayonnement et d'échange est ainsi démontrée par les phénomènes se produisant dans les couches d'air proches du sol.

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Structural geology of the Mesozoic Miers Bluff Formation and crosscutting Paleogene dikes (Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica) – Insights into the geodynamic history of the northern Antarctic Peninsula

The Antarctic Peninsula has been part of a magmatic arc since at least Jurassic times. The South Shetland Islands archipelago forms part of this arc, but it was separated from the Peninsula following the Pliocene opening of the Bransfield Strait. Dikes are widespread throughout the archipelago and are particularly accessible on the Hurd Peninsula of Livingston Island. The host rocks for the dikes are represented by the Miers Bluff Formation, which forms the overturned limb of a large-scale fold oriented 63/23 NW. The orientation of minor structures indicates a fold axis oriented NNE–SSW (24/0). Structural analysis of the dikes and their host rocks shows that the tectonic regime was similar to other parts of the archipelago and that only minor changes of the stress field occurred during dike emplacement.Based on crosscutting field relationships and geochemical data, six early Paleocene to late Eocene intrusive events can be distinguished on Hurd Peninsula. In contrast to calc-alkaline dikes from other parts of the South Shetland Islands, the majority of the Hurd Peninsula dikes are of tholeiitic affinity. Nd and Pb isotope data indicate a significant crustal component, particularly during initial magmatic activity.Plagioclase ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and whole rock K–Ar ages show that dike emplacement peaked during the Lutetian (48.3 ± 1.5, 47.4 ± 2.1, 44.5 ± 1.8 and 43.3 ± 1.7 Ma) on Hurd Peninsula and also further northeast on King George Island. Dike intrusion continued on Livingston Island at least until the Priabonian (37.2 ± 0.9 Ma). The type of magma sources (mantle, slab, crust and sediment) did not change, though their relative magmatic contributions varied with time.During Cretaceous and Early Paleogene times, the Antarctic Peninsula including the South Shetland Islands was situated southwest of Patagonia; final separation from South America occurred not before the Eocene. Thus, the geological evolution of Livingston Island is related as much to the development of Patagonia as of Antarctica, and needs to be considered within the history of southernmost South America.     

Surface-layer fog considered using a modified Monin-Obukhov theory

The Prandtl-layer concept, assuming constant turbulent fluxes in the lowest meters or decameters of the atmosphere under horizontal homogeneous and steady-state conditions, is widely used; and it is also one of the fundamentals of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. Thus, surface-layer condensation processes-essentially formation of shallow fog layers-implying convergence and divergence of turbulent fluxes of water vapour, liquid water content and sensible heat, cannot be treated within this concept. This paper tries to overcome this restriction by a modified Monin-Obukhov theory, which deals with constant fluxes of total water content and moist static energy (instead of water vapour and sensible heat). It shows that surface-layer fog situations (under steady-state and horizontally homogeneous conditions and neglecting radiational effects) can be treated by this modified theory, which yields turbulent vertical fluxes of sensible heat, water vapour and liquid water content and their divergences.The paper also derives a simple formula for the divergence of the turbulent flux of water vapour (E/z) under saturation conditions, which elucidates convergence ofE very close to the ground and divergence ofE higher up independent of whether the stratification is stable or unstable, i.e., whether there is fog over cold or warm ground. Model computations with the modified Monin-Obukhov theory are in full accordance with this formula. Thus a steam-fog case can be given as a demonstration of vertical profiles of turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, water vapour and liquid water content and their divergences.     

Abteilungstektonik am Nordwestrand der Vogesen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Literature review of sand transport by wind on a dry sand surface

A critical and comprehensive literature survey of sand transport by wind on a dry sand surface is made from the perspective of engineering use. Principal findings are: (1) Most predictive expressions for the sand transport rate show a cubic dependence on the shear velocity, or obey a similar power law. (2) Some difference is found in the value of the multiplicative empirical coefficient in the various formulas, and much of the scatter may be ascribed to relative trap efficiency. (3) Verification of predictive formulas has mainly rested on laboratory measurements, and reliable but limited field verification has not been made until recently. (4) The laboratory and field data indicate that both the Bagnold and the Kawamura formulas are applicable to a well-sorted sand and can be used for estimation of wind-blown sand transport on dry natural beaches. Modifications have been made for a widely distributed sand and for fluctuating wind velocity.     

Leveraging HPC accelerator architectures with modern techniques — hydrologic modeling on GPUs with ParFlow

Computational Geosciences - Rapidly changing heterogeneous supercomputer architectures pose a great challenge to many scientific communities trying to leverage the latest technology in...