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931.
Marc W. Pound Jave O. Kane Dmitri D. Ryutov Bruce A. Remington Akira Mizuta 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,307(1-3):187-190
Sometimes the most beautiful things are the hardest to understand. Pillars like those of the Eagle Nebula form at the boundary
between some of the hottest (10000~K) and coldest (10~K) gas in the Galaxy. Many physical processes come into play in the
birth and growth of such gaseous pillars: hydrodynamic instability, photoionization, ablation, recombination, molecular heating
and cooling, and probably magnetic fields. High-quality astronomical observations, quantitative numerical simulations, and
scaled laser experiments provide a powerful combination for understanding their formation and evolution.
We put our most recent hydrodynamic model to the test, by creating simulated observations from it and comparing them directly
to the actual radioastronomical observations. Successfully reproducing major characteristics of the observations in this manner
is an important step in designing appropriate laser experiments. 相似文献
932.
Marie‐Jeanne Teil Martine Blanchard Cendrine Dargnat Karen Larcher‐Tiphagne Marc Chevreuil 《水文研究》2007,21(18):2515-2525
The occurrence and fate of six phthalate esters were investigated in the River Seine and two tributaries in the Paris area, at six sites from upstream to downstream, throughout different seasons, with special attention given to a flood episode. At all sites, except the River Marne, whatever the period, diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) displayed the highest concentration (0·323–0·779 µg l?1 as mean values), followed by di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DnBP; 0·211–0·526 µg l?1 as mean values), which is consistent with the production pattern. High phthalate concentrations appeared to be related to population density and industrial distribution. The strongest values were located downstream from wastewater treatment plant effluent inputs. Seasonal variations were closely related to river flow and air and water temperature. The annual evolution of phthalates was linked to the hydrological conditions. During the flood episode at Paris, the DEHP concentration displayed a sharp increase (260 to 1123 ng l?1) occurring 9 days before the flood peak. The simultaneous fluctuations of NH4, typical of domestic origin, and of DEHP suggests a similar origin from combined sewer overflows for both compounds. Other elevated values corresponded to the highest precipitation amounts, and demonstrated the contribution of non‐point‐source runoff and wastewater overflow to DEHP inputs. The DEHP concentration relationship with river flow displayed a clockwise hysteresis loop, corresponding to a ‘first‐flush’ effect in which the finite supplies are swept along in the early stage of the flood. Annual fluxes for 2004 at Paris were 2257 kg of DEHP and 1613 kg of DnBP. The flood period seemed to have a minor impact on annual phthalate transport (29·5% and 41% of the total for DEHP and for DnBP, respectively), which is contrary to annual suspended solids transport (69%). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
933.
Petrography, petrochemistry, and mineral chemistry of basalts from the Woodlark, Manus, and Lau basins from the southwest Pacific, have been studied to understand their magmatic evolution. Basalt from the western Woodlark Basin (Dobu Seamount) indicates mixing of a near-primitive magma with fractionated basaltic melt in shallow magma chambers. Basalts from Manus Basin and Central Lau Spreading Center (Lau Basin) are typical N-MORBs, and they exhibit olivine fractionation under high oxidizing conditions while basalts from Mangatolu Triple Junction (Lau Basin) are enriched in Al2O3, K2O, and Zr indicative of a contribution from a subducting plate. 相似文献
934.
Mathematical models are useful analysis tools to understand problems in watersheds associated with runoff, and to find solutions through land use changes and best management practices. However, before a model is applied in the field, it must be tested and checked to ensure that the model represents the real world adequately. In this paper, a two‐dimensional physically based finite element runoff model ROMO2D has been verified and validated by comparing the model output with analytic solution under simplified conditions, published data, and field measurements. Calibration of the model was done manually through a multi‐objective calibration procedure, using observed field data. Before going for field validation/application of ROMO2D, analysis was carried out to determine the optimum number of finite elements into which the watershed should be discretized and the size of the time step. A sensitivity analysis of the model was performed using the observed values of watershed parameters. The model was applied to a 1·45 ha agricultural watershed located in the Shiwalik foothills (India) to simulate runoff. The results demonstrated the potential of the model to simulate runoff from small agricultural watersheds for individual storm events with reasonable accuracy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
935.
Carolus J. Schrijver Marc L. Derosa Thomas R. Metcalf Yang Liu Jim Mctiernan Stéphane Régnier Gherardo Valori Michael S. Wheatland Thomas Wiegelmann 《Solar physics》2006,235(1-2):161-190
We compare six algorithms for the computation of nonlinear force-free (NLFF) magnetic fields (including optimization, magnetofrictional,
Grad–Rubin based, and Green's function-based methods) by evaluating their performance in blind tests on analytical force-free-field
models for which boundary conditions are specified either for the entire surface area of a cubic volume or for an extended
lower boundary only. Figures of merit are used to compare the input vector field to the resulting model fields. Based on these
merit functions, we argue that all algorithms yield NLFF fields that agree best with the input field in the lower central
region of the volume, where the field and electrical currents are strongest and the effects of boundary conditions weakest.
The NLFF vector fields in the outer domains of the volume depend sensitively on the details of the specified boundary conditions;
best agreement is found if the field outside of the model volume is incorporated as part of the model boundary, either as
potential field boundaries on the side and top surfaces, or as a potential field in a skirt around the main volume of interest.
For input field (B) and modeled field (b), the best method included in our study yields an average relative vector error En = 〈 |B−b|〉/〈 |B|〉 of only 0.02 when all sides are specified and 0.14 for the case where only the lower boundary is specified, while the total
energy in the magnetic field is approximated to within 2%. The models converge towards the central, strong input field at
speeds that differ by a factor of one million per iteration step. The fastest-converging, best-performing model for these
analytical test cases is the Wheatland, Sturrock, and Roumeliotis (2000) optimization algorithm as implemented by Wiegelmann
(2004). 相似文献
936.
Rajmal Jain Anil K. Pradhan Vishal Joshi K. J. Shah Jayshree J. Trivedi S. L. Kayasth Vishal M. Shah M. R. Deshpande 《Solar physics》2006,239(1-2):217-237
We present the first results from the low-energy detector payload of the solar X-ray spectrometer (SOXS) mission, which was
launched onboard the GSAT-2 Indian spacecraft on May 08, 2003 by the GSLV-D2 rocket to study solar flares. The SOXS low-energy
detector (SLD) payload was designed, developed, and fabricated by the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in collaboration
with the Space Application Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) Satellite Centre (ISAC),
Bangalore. The SLD payload employs state-of-the-art, solid-state detectors, viz., Si PIN and Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride (CZT) devices that operate at near room temperature (−20 °C). The energy ranges of the Si PIN and CZT detectors are 4 – 25 and 4 – 56 keV, respectively. The Si PIN provides sub-keV
energy resolution, while the CZT provides ~1.7 keV energy resolution throughout the energy range. The high sensitivity and
sub-keV energy resolution of the Si PIN detector allows measuring the intensity, peak energy, and the equivalent width of
the Fe-line complex at approximately 6.7 keV, as a function of time in all ten M-class flares studied in this investigation.
The peak energy (E
p) of the Fe-line feature varies between 6.4 and 6.7 keV with increase in temperature from 9 to 58 MK. We found that the equivalent
width (w) of the Fe-line feature increases exponentially with temperature up to 30 MK and then increases very slowly up to 40 MK.
It remains between 3.5 and 4 keV in the temperature range of 30 – 45 MK. We compare our measurements of w with calculations made earlier by various investigators and propose that these measurements may improve theoretical models.
We interpret the variation of both E
p and w with temperature as being to the changes in the ionization and recombination conditions in the plasma during the flare, and
as a consequence, the contribution from different ionic emission lines also varies. 相似文献
937.
Stephen J. Dry Vincent V. Salomonson Marc Stieglitz Dorothy K. Hall Igor Appel 《水文研究》2005,19(14):2755-2774
Snowcover areal depletion curves inferred from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) are validated and then applied in NASA's catchment‐based land surface model (CLSM) for numerical simulations of hydrometeorological processes in the Kuparuk River basin (KRB) of Alaska. The results demonstrate that the MODIS snowcover fraction f derived from a simple relationship in terms of the normalized difference snow index compares well with Landsat values over the range 20 ≤ f ≤ 100%. For f < 20%, however, MODIS 500 m subpixel data underestimate the amount of snow by up to 13% compared with Landsat at spatial resolutions of 30 m binned to equivalent 500 m pixels. After a bias correction, MODIS snow areal depletion curves during the spring transition period of 2002 for the KRB exhibit similar features to those derived from surface‐based observations. These results are applied in the CLSM subgrid‐scale snow parameterization that includes a deep and a shallow snowcover fraction. Simulations of the evolution of the snowpack and of freshwater discharge rates for the KRB over a period of 11 years are then analysed with the inclusion of this feature. It is shown that persistent snowdrifts on the arctic landscape, associated with a secondary plateau in the snow areal depletion curves, are hydrologically important. An automated method is developed to generate the shallow and deep snowcover fractions from MODIS snow areal depletion curves. This provides the means to apply the CLSM subgrid‐scale snow parameterization in all watersheds subject to seasonal snowcovers. Improved simulations and predictions of the global surface energy and water budgets are expected with the incorporation of the MODIS snow data into the CLSM. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
938.
Michele Cappellari R. Bacon M. Bureau M. C. Damen Roger L. Davies P. T. de Zeeuw Eric Emsellem Jesús Falcón-Barroso Davor Krajnovi Harald Kuntschner Richard M. McDermid Reynier F. Peletier Marc Sarzi Remco C. E. van den Bosch Glenn van de Ven 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,366(4):1126-1150
939.
940.
Benjamin J.C. Laabs Kurt A. Refsnider Jeffrey S. Munroe David M. Mickelson Patrick J. Applegate Brad S. Singer Marc W. Caffee 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(13-14):1171-1187
Recent estimates of the timing of the last glaciation in the southern and western Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah suggest that the start of ice retreat and the climate-driven regression of pluvial Lake Bonneville both occurred at approximately 16 cal. ka. To further explore the possible climatic relationship of Uinta Mountain glaciers and the lake, and to add to the glacial chronology of the Rocky Mountains, we assembled a range-wide chronology of latest Pleistocene terminal moraines based on seventy-four cosmogenic 10Be surface-exposure ages from seven glacial valleys. New cosmogenic-exposure ages from moraines in three northern and eastern valleys of the Uinta Mountains indicate that glaciers in these parts of the range began retreating at 22–20 ka, whereas previously reported cosmogenic-exposure ages from four southern and western valleys indicate that ice retreat began there between 18 and 16.5 ka. This spatial asynchrony in the start of the last deglaciation was accompanied by a 400-m east-to-west decline in glacier equilibrium-line altitudes across the Uinta Mountains. When considered together, these two lines of evidence support the hypothesis that Lake Bonneville influenced the mass balance of glaciers in southern and western valleys of the range, but had a lesser impact on glaciers located farther east. Regional-scale variability in the timing of latest Pleistocene deglaciation in the Rocky Mountains may also reflect changing precipitation patterns, thereby highlighting the importance of precipitation controls on the mass balance of Pleistocene mountain glaciers. 相似文献