Geomorphic Signatures of Active Tectonic in Drainage Basins in the Southern Bolkar Mountain,Turkey

Bolkar Mountain forms the northeast extent of the Central Taurus Mountains, which are located north of the eastern Mediterranean Sea and consist of 3000 m or higher summits. The study area southern part of Bolkar Mt, has been investigated for geomorphic signatures of active tectonics using Geographical information system (GIS). The lower valley floor-to-width to height and elongation ratios, higher convexity, stream length-gradient (SL) indices, hypsometric integral and convex nature of the hypsometric curves and topographic asymmetry show that relative tectonic activity is greater in the eastern sector affected by Ecemiş fault. Spatial variations of tectonic activity along rivers studied point to a general trend of decreasing activity towards the west as well as tectonic activity again increase in the west. Westward migration of basin and range extension is consistent with the place of uplift in the southern Bolkar Mt. Topography of the southern sector is the result of Late Miocene-Early Pliocene extension related uplift. Drainage systems in the upper part of the central and western sectors are under the lithological control and karstic denudation; whereas the development of the drainage systems in the middle and outlet parts of all sectors depend on sea level changes and Late Quaternary tectonism. The development of drainage systems of the eastern sector depends mostly on fault tectonism and climatic changes in the Late Quaternary.     

Fluid-dynamics driving saline water in the North East German Basin

In several areas of the North German Basin, saline water comes close to, or even reaches the surface. Available data from wells indicate that brine stratification is under unstable conditions in the deeper underground. In order to analyse the possible transport mechanisms, 3D thermohaline simulations have been carried out for two different scenarios. The 3D regional model (230×330 km) indicates that salty water is driven to the surface by hydrostatical forces from the surrounding highlands. In addition, a smaller scale model (10×10 km) has been constructed with a grid resolution accounting for possible convective flow. The results indicate that convective flow may play a dominant role in areas with minor topography. In summary, the complex pattern of near surface occurrences of saline water probably results from the interaction of hydrostatic and thermal forces.     

Biodegradation of forest floor organic matter bound to minerals via different binding mechanisms

Mineral-associated organic matter (OM) represents a large reservoir of organic carbon (OC) in natural environments. The factors controlling the extent of the mineral-mediated OC stabilization, however, are poorly understood. The protection of OM against biodegradation upon sorption to mineral phases is assumed to result from the formation of strong bonds that limit desorption. To test this, we studied the biodegradation of OM bound to goethite (α-FeOOH), pyrophyllite, and vermiculite via specific mechanisms as estimated from OC uptake in different background electrolytes and operationally defined as ‘ligand exchange’, ‘Ca²⁺ bridging’, and ‘van der Waals forces’. Organic matter extracted from an Oa forest floor horizon under Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) was reacted with minerals at dissolved OC concentrations of ∼5-130 mg/L at pH 4. Goethite retained up to 30.1 mg OC/g predominantly by ‘ligand exchange’; pyrophyllite sorbed maximally 12.5 mg OC/g, largely via ‘van der Waals forces’ and ‘Ca²⁺ bridging’, while sorption of OM to vermiculite was 7.3 mg OC/g, mainly due to the formation of ‘Ca²⁺ bridges’. Aromatic OM components were selectively sorbed by all minerals (goethite ? phyllosilicates). The sorption of OM was strongly hysteretic with the desorption into 0.01 M NaCl being larger for OM held by ‘Ca²⁺ bridges’ and ‘van der Waals forces’ than by ‘ligand exchange’. Incubation experiments under aerobic conditions (initial pH 4; 90 days) revealed that OM mainly bound to minerals by ‘ligand exchange’ was more resistant against mineralization than OM held by non-columbic interactions (‘van der Waals forces’). Calcium bridges enhanced the stability of sorbed OM, especially for vermiculite, but less than the binding via ‘ligand exchange’. Combined evidence suggests that the extent and rate of mineralization of mineral-associated OM are governed by desorption. The intrinsic stability of sorbed OM as related to the presence of resistant, lignin-derived aromatic components appears less decisive for the sorptive stabilization of OM than the involved binding mechanisms. In a given environment, the type of minerals present and the solution chemistry determine the operating binding mechanisms, thereby the extent of OM sorption and desorption, and thus ultimately the bioavailability of mineral-associated OM.     

Soil–structure interaction in the time domain using halfspace Green's functions

A time-domain formulation is proposed for the transient response analysis of general, three-dimensional structures resting on a homogeneous, elastic halfspace subjected to either external loads or seismic motions. The formulation consists of two parts: (a) the time domain formulation of the soil behaviour and (b) the coupling of the corresponding soil algorithms to the Finite Element Code ANSYS. As far as the structure is concerned, this coupling opens the way for the analysis of non-linear soil–structure interaction. The approach is based on halfspace Green's functions for displacements elicited by Heaviside time-dependent surface point loads. Hence, the spatial discretisation can be confined to the contact area between the foundation and the soil, i.e. no auxiliary grid beyond the foundation as for conventional boundary element formulations is required. The method is applied to analyse the dynamic response of a railway track due to a moving wheel set by demonstrating the influence of ‘through-the-soil coupling’.     

Origin of the regional stress in the North German basin: results from numerical modelling

We use a thin sheet approach to investigate the effects induced by the Alpine collision on the deformation and regional stress in northern Europe, with special emphasis on the NE German Basin. Here new seismic crustal studies indicate a flexural-type basin, which may have been induced by compressive forces transmitted from the south, due to the Alpine orogeny. Finite-element techniques are used to solve the equations for the deformation of a continuum described by a linear creep rheology and a spatial resolution of about 0.5°. The model has been constrained by stress and seismic data. We show that a relatively strong lithosphere below the northern margin of the German Basin, at the transition with the Baltic Shield, may explain the characteristic regional stress field, in particular the fan-like pattern which is observed within the region. Furthermore, the predicted strain rate pattern resembles the seismically recognizable undeformed area of the North German Basin.     

The southern margin of the East European Craton: new results from seismic sounding and potential fields between the North Sea and Poland

The extension of eastern Avalonia from Britain through the NE German Basin into Poland is, in some sense, a virtual structure. It is covered almost everywhere by late Paleozoic and younger sediments. Evidence for this terrane is only gathered from geophysical data and age information derived from magmatic rocks. During the last two decades, much geophysical and geological information has been gathered since the European Geotraverse (EGT), which was followed by the BABEL, LT-7, MONA LISA, DEKORP-Basin'96, and POLONAISE'97 deep seismic experiments. Based on seismic lines, a remarkable feature has been observed between the North Sea and Poland: north of the Elbe Line (EL), the lower crust is characterised by high velocities (6.8–7.0 km/s), a feature which seems to be characteristic for at least a major part of eastern Avalonia (far eastern Avalonia). In addition, the seismic lines indicate that a wedge of the East European Craton (EEC) (or Baltica) continues to the south below the southern Permian Basin (SPB)—a structure which resembles a passive continental margin. The observed pattern may either indicate an extension of the Baltic crust much farther south than earlier expected or oceanic crust of the Tornquist Sea trapped during the Caledonian collision. In either case, the data require a reinterpretation of the docking mechanism of eastern Avalonia, and the Elbe–Odra Line (EOL), as well as the Elbe Fault system, together with the Intra-Sudedic Faults, appear to be related to major changes in the deeper crustal structures separating the East European crust from the Paleozoic agglomeration of Middle European terranes.     

Complex concentric granitoid intrusions in the coastal mobile belt,Espírito Santo,Brazil: The Santa Angélica Pluton — an example

The Brazilian Coastal Mobile Belt in southern Espírito Santo consists of Archean to Upper Proterozoic units which have been metamorphosed and deformed to a gneiss, migmatite and granulite-facies rock assemblage during Archean and Proterozoic tectono-thermal events.Several tectonic phases and an amphibolite-facies metamorphism are attributed to the Brasiliano-Event (680-450 Ma).Towards the end of the Brasiliano-Cycle diapirically ascending basic to intermediate and acid magmas intruded the lower crust, forming numerous concordant plutons.A model is presented for the Santa Angélica intrusion: A mantle derived basic magma, probably a fractionated alkali or transitional basalt, intruded the lower crust and induced anatectic melting and production of granitic melts. Intensive mechanical mixing of basic and granitic magma during ascent through buoyant and/or forced convection led to a wide variety of hybrid rocks. The structures suggest liquid-solid and liquid-liquid, or mushy-mushy interaction of the contrasting magmas. Different stages of mechanical mixing and homogenization are preserved, now representing »frozen-in« magma mixing features.

---

Zusammenfassung Der Brasilianische Küstenfaltengürtel im südlichen Espírito Santo beinhaltet archaische bis oberproterozoische Einheiten, die durch tektono-thermale Ereignisse des Archaikums und Proterozoikums in hochdeformierte Gneise und Migmatite umgewandelt wurden.Dem Brasiliano-Ereignis (680–450 Ma) werden mehrere tektonische Phasen unter amphibolitfaziellen Metamorphosebedingungen zugeordnet.Gegen Ende des Brasiliano-Zyklus' erfolgte der diapirische Aufstieg basisch/intermediärer bis saurer Magmen in tiefere Krustenstockwerke unter Bildung konkordanter Plutone.Für den Santa Angélica Pluton wird ein Intrusionsmodell vorgestellt: Basisches Magma aus dem Mantel, das als Fraktionierungsprodukt eines Alkalioder Transitionalbasaltes angesehen wird, induziert anatektische Granitschmelzen in der Unterkruste. Intensive mechanische Durchmischung während des Aufstieges infolge »buoyant« und/oder »forced convection« führt zur Bildung eines weiten Spektrums von Hybridgesteinen. Die darin beobachteten Strukturen sind auf »Flüssig-Fest«- und »Flüssig-Flüssig«-Reaktionen zwischen den beiden verschiedenen Magmen zurückzuführen. Es sind die verschiedensten Stadien der mechanischen Durchmischung und Homogenisierung erhalten. Auf diese Weise ist die Magmenmischung heute in »eingefrorenem« Zustand erhalten.

---

Resumen El cinturon orogénico costero brasilero en el sur del estado de Espírito Santo contiene unidades arcaicas hasta proterozoicas superiores, las cuales fueron transformados en gneises, migmatitas y rocas de la facies granulita y altamente deformadas por eventos téctono-termales del Arcaico y Proterozoico.Al Evento Brasiliano (680-450 Ma) se le atribuyen varias fases tectónicas bajo condiciones de metamorfismo de facies de anfibolita.Hacia el final del Ciclo Brasiliano se efectuó la ascensión diapírica de magmas básicos/intermedios a ácidos bajo la formación de varios plutones concordantes en profundos niveles de la corteza.Se presenta un modelo de intrusión para el plutón de Santa Angélica: Magma básico proveniente del manto induce magma granítico anatéctico en la corteza inferior. El magma básico es considerado un producto de cristallisación fraccionada de un basalto alcalino o transicional. La intensiva mezcla mecánica durante la ascensión a consecuencia de »buoyant« y/o »forced convection« condujo a la formación de rocas híbridas en su mas amplo espectro. Las estructuras observadas en estas rocas se deben a reacciones líquidosólido, líquido-líquido y »mushy-mushy« entre ambos magmas.Los mas diversos estadios de la mezcla mecánica y de la homogeneisación fueron conservados.Actualmente se encuentra el »magma-mixing« en un estadio de »congelamiento«.

---

Espirito Santo , - . Brasiliano (680–450 Ma ) . - , , . Santa Angelica : , , ; «» (buoyant) / « » (forced convection) . « — » « — » , . « ».

     

Modelle instabiler Kompaktionsverläufe unter Sedimentation

Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel der Kompaktion von Sedimenten werden Grenzen der Quantifizierung geologischer Vorgänge aufgezeigt. Prozesse, die dazu neigen instabil zu werden, sind vorwiegend durch topologische, nur noch qualitativ erfaßbare Eigenschaften bestimmt. Besonders deutlich wird dies bei fluidization und liquidization von Sedimenten unter Eigenlast. In diesem Zusammenhang kann man von einem sedimentologischen Paradoxon sprechen. Zur qualitativen Untersuchung werden Differentialgleichungen und Differenzengleichungen eingesetzt.

---

By sedimentological examples it is shown that there are limits to quantify geological processes. Processes like fluidization and liquidization of sediments are dominated by topological qualitative properties rather than by quantitative parameters. The occurence of instabilities can be called a sedimentological paradoxon. The qualitative analysis is done by use of differential and difference equations.

---

Résumé La consolidation au cours de la sédimentation mène souvent pour quelques sédiments á des transformations instables telles que la liquidisation et la fluidification. La simulation mathématique offre la possibilité d'étudier ce paradoxe sédimentologique de faÇon qualitative ou semi-quantitative á l'aide d'équations différentielles et de différence.

---

. , , , . ., . . « ». , , .

---

---

Aus dem SFB 53 Tübingen, Fossil-Diagenese Nr. 30.