This paper underscores the importance of damage assessment and recognizes the direct effect it has on post-disaster response
and recovery operations. The paper first explores the literature on this subject, including the history, types, methods, and
problems relating to damage assessment. After discussing the employed research methodology, the paper uses the Paso Robles
(San Simeon, California) earthquake as a case study to illustrate the challenges and successes with regard to damage assessment.
Logistics, politics, information management, coordination, preparedness, and other topics are discussed in this section. The
paper concludes with lessons and opportunities for research and its application. 相似文献
Environmental indices (EI) constitute a common communication tool that is often used to describe the overall status of environmental
systems (air, water and soil). EI development entails the use of mathematical operators to aggregate various non-commensurate
input parameters in a logical manner. The ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator is a general mean type operator that provides
flexibility in the aggregation process such that the aggregated value is bounded between minimum and maximum values of the
input parameters. This flexibility of the OWA operator is realized through the concept of orness, which is a surrogate for
decision maker’s attitude. The type of input parameters also affects the choice of aggregation operators. If the input parameters
are linguistic or fuzzy, the aggregation through OWA operators is not possible, and the use of fuzzy arithmetic is warranted.
The concept of fuzzy number OWA (FN-OWA) operators is explored to handle situations in which one or more input parameter has
fuzzy (or linguistic) values. The proposed approach is demonstrated using data provided in an earlier study by Swamee and
Tyagi (ASCE J Environ Eng 126(5):451–455, 2000) for establishing water quality indices. Multiple hypothetical scenarios are also generated to highlight the utility and
sensitivity of the proposed approach. 相似文献
Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a utility theory based decision-making technique, which works on a premise that the decision-making
of complex problems can be handled by structuring them into simple and comprehensible hierarchical structures. However, AHP
involves human subjective evaluation, which introduces vagueness that necessitates the use of decision-making under uncertainty. The vagueness is commonly handled through fuzzy sets theory, by assigning degree of membership. But, the environmental decision-making
problem becomes more involved if there is an uncertainty in assigning the membership function (or degree of belief) to fuzzy pairwise comparisons, which is referred to as ambiguity (non-specificity). In this paper, the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy set is applied to AHP, called IF-AHP to handle both vagueness and ambiguity
related uncertainties in the environmental decision-making process. The proposed IF-AHP methodology is demonstrated with an
illustrative example to select best drilling fluid (mud) for drilling operations under multiple environmental criteria. 相似文献
The Campbell CSAT3 sonic anemometer is one of the most popular instruments for turbulence measurements in basic micrometeorological research and ecological applications. While measurement uncertainty has been characterized by field experiments and wind-tunnel studies in the past, there are conflicting estimates, which motivated us to conduct a numerical experiment using large-eddy simulation to evaluate the probe-induced flow distortion of the CSAT3 anemometer under controlled conditions, and with exact knowledge of the undisturbed flow. As opposed to wind-tunnel studies, we imposed oscillations in both the vertical and horizontal velocity components at the distinct frequencies and amplitudes found in typical turbulence spectra in the surface layer. The resulting flow-distortion errors for the standard deviations of the vertical velocity component range from 3 to 7%, and from 1 to 3% for the horizontal velocity component, depending on the azimuth angle. The magnitude of these errors is almost independent of the frequency of wind speed fluctuations, provided the amplitude is typical for surface-layer turbulence. A comparison of the corrections for transducer shadowing proposed by both Kaimal et al. (Proc Dyn Flow Conf, 551–565, 1978) and Horst et al. (Boundary-Layer Meteorol 155:371–395, 2015) show that both methods compensate for a larger part of the observed error, but do not sufficiently account for the azimuth dependency. Further numerical simulations could be conducted in the future to characterize the flow distortion induced by other existing types of sonic anemometers for the purposes of optimizing their geometry. 相似文献
Many studies have been carried out in the past to provide solutions to the threat of chemicals to the ecosystem. However, the basic scientific capability to predict the risk of adverse effects on the ecological system has not kept pace with society's increasing demand for uses of chemicals. As a scientific methodology for quantifying the risk to the environment associated with exposure to chemicals, ecological risk assessment is increasingly important in environmental problem solving. The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for conducting ecological risk assessment using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. A systematic discussion on elements of ecological risk assessment is presented. A framework of ecological risk assessment is explained with the help of the Persian Gulf environmental problem as a case study. The study was based on the output of a long-range transport model of soot deposition in the Gulf. Results of the assessment using the deterministic and probabilistic approaches are discussed. 相似文献
Lineament extraction has long been performed through extensive field mapping. Recent advances in the field of remote sensing have made possible the availability of imageries from earth observation satellites with different Spatio-temporal resolutions, paving way for new automatic, semi-automatic, and manual techniques for the extraction of natural lineaments. The study focuses on the extraction of lineaments representing tectonic fault zones; the lineaments are extracted automatically and semi-automatically/manually. Results show that indirect information about the tectonic lineaments can be derived through automatic techniques whereas, the semi-automatic techniques are more effective to directly identify them. Detailed analyses of lineaments and landslides revealed that areas near lineaments, in general, experienced higher frequency of landslides. Moreover, it is also observed that lineaments are not the only factor that affects landslide density; other parameters like slope and lithology were also found to be the controlling factors in determining the spatial landslide distribution. Lastly, some recommendations have been made based on observations.
Natural Hazards - Diversified topography and uneven distribution of both temperature and precipitation contribute to formation of suitable synoptic conditions for incidents of dust storm (DS). This... 相似文献