We live in a rapidly advancing digital information age where the ability to discover, access and utilize high-quality information in a reliable and timely manner is often assumed to be the norm. However, this is not always the experience of researchers, practitioners and decision makers responding to the challenges of a rapidly changing climate, despite the billions now being made available for investment in climate change adaptation initiatives throughout the world and particularly in developing countries. In recognition of the importance of information in adaptation planning, Article 7.7 of the Paris Agreement sets out clear guidance for parties to develop, share, manage and deliver climate change knowledge, information and data as a means to strengthening cooperation and action on adaptation. This article provides some key lessons and insights on climate change information and knowledge management (IKM) in small island developing States (SIDS) from the perspective of Pacific SIDS. A situation analysis of current climate change IKM practices in Fiji, Tonga and Vanuatu was conducted and key barriers to effective climate change IKM identified. The outcome of this article is a range of pragmatic policy considerations for overcoming common barriers to climate change IKM in the Pacific, which may be of value to SIDS more widely.
Key policy insights
The partnership approach of co-investigating climate change IKM barriers in collaboration with Pacific SIDS generated considerable trust, a shared purpose and therefore rich IKM lessons and insights.
Turning climate change IKM aspirations into practice is significantly more complicated than expected, and requires a long-term commitment from both national governments and development partners.
Pacific SIDS need to establish national guiding climate change IKM Frameworks that leverage rather than duplicate growing national investments in whole-of-government IKM.
Reframing climate change IKM in the Pacific towards demand and user needs will be critical to ensuring widespread ownership and participation in IKM solutions that lead to greater adaptation and resilience outcomes.
It is also critical that IKM activities in SIDS support the development of national capacity to scope, develop, deploy and maintain decision support systems.
Federated IKM systems are ideal for encouraging greater IKM collaboration.
The aqueous phase acid-catalyzed reaction of methanol (CH3OH) with nitric acid (HNO3) to yield methyl nitrate (CH3ONO2) under atmospheric conditions has been investigated using gas-phase infrared spectroscopy. Reactions were conducted in aqueous
sulfuric acid solutions (50.5–63.6 wt.%) with [CH3OH] = 0.00005–0.005 M and [HNO3] = 0.02–0.21 M, at 278.2–328.6 K. Methyl nitrate production rates increased linearly with CH3OH and HNO3 concentrations and exponentially with sulfuric acid weight percent within the regime studied. Rates increased linearly with
nitronium ion concentration, indicating that the reaction involves as the nitrating agent under these conditions. At 298 K, the rate of methyl nitrate production can be calculated from kobs[CH3OH][HNO3], where kobs = 2.337 × 10−13(exp(0.3198*wt.% H2SO4)) when the solubility of CH3ONO2 in acidic solution is approximated by H* for pure water. The temperature dependence of the rate coefficient is related to solution composition, with activation energies
of 59 and 49 kJ/mol at 51.1 and 63.6 wt.% H2SO4, respectively, when k is calculated from rate. The temperature dependence has also been parameterized for application to the atmosphere, but the small quantities of present in aerosol particles will result in methyl nitrate production rates too small to be of significance under most atmospheric
conditions.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
The GAUGE (GrAnd Unification and Gravity Explorer) mission proposes to use a drag-free spacecraft platform onto which a number
of experiments are attached. They are designed to address a number of key issues at the interface between gravity and unification
with the other forces of nature. The equivalence principle is to be probed with both a high-precision test using classical
macroscopic test bodies, and, to lower precision, using microscopic test bodies via cold-atom interferometry. These two equivalence
principle tests will explore string-dilaton theories and the effect of space–time fluctuations respectively. The macroscopic
test bodies will also be used for intermediate-range inverse-square law and an axion-like spin-coupling search. The microscopic
test bodies offer the prospect of extending the range of tests to also include short-range inverse-square law and spin-coupling
measurements as well as looking for evidence of quantum decoherence due to space–time fluctuations at the Planck scale. 相似文献
We present results of a campaign to map much of the Moon’s near side using the 12.6-cm radar transmitter at Arecibo Observatory and receivers at the Green Bank Telescope. These data have a single-look spatial resolution of about 40 m, with final maps averaged to an 80-m, four-look product to reduce image speckle. Focused processing is used to obtain this high spatial resolution over the entire region illuminated by the Arecibo beam. The transmitted signal is circularly polarized, and we receive reflections in both senses of circular polarization; measurements of receiver thermal noise during periods with no lunar echoes allow well-calibrated estimates of the circular polarization ratio (CPR) and the four-element Stokes vector. Radiometric calibration to values of the backscatter coefficient is ongoing. Radar backscatter data for the Moon provide information on regolith dielectric and physical properties, with particular sensitivity to ilmenite content and surface or buried rocks with diameter of about one-tenth the radar wavelength and larger.Average 12.6-cm circular polarization ratio (CPR) values for low- to moderate-TiO2 mare basalt deposits are similar to those of rough terrestrial lava flows. We attribute these high values to abundant few-centimeter diameter rocks from small impacts and a significant component of subsurface volume scattering. An outflow deposit, inferred to be impact melt, from Glushko crater has CPR values near unity at 12.6-cm and 70-cm wavelengths and thus a very rugged near-surface structure at the decimeter to meter scale. This deposit does not show radar-brightness variations consistent with levees or channels, and appears to nearly overtop a massif, suggesting very rapid emplacement. Deposits of similar morphology and/or radar brightness are noted for craters such as Pythagoras, Rutherfurd, Theophilus, and Aristillus. Images of the north pole show that, despite recording the deposition of Orientale material, Byrd and Peary craters do not have dense patterns of radar-bright ejecta from small craters on their floors. Such patterns in Amundsen crater, near the south pole, were interpreted as diagnostic of abundant impact melt, so the fraction of Orientale-derived melt in the north polar smooth plains, 1000 km farther from the basin center, is inferred to be much lower. 相似文献
Water scarcity is a becoming a critical issue globally, driven largely by the demands of an exponentially growing human population
and complicated by the impacts of climate change on the amounts and distribution of precipitation. It is also due to mismanagement
as scarce water resources are being used simultaneously for irrigation, power generation, public and industrial water supply,
flood reduction, and wastewater disposal without consideration of the cumulative impacts to the water resources themselves.
This paper outlines eight ecologically based principles and associated guidelines as the basis for integrated and watershed-based
management of the world’s water resources. 相似文献
We quantified temporal and spatial variability in diets of 950 juvenile (age-0) striped bass in the Hudson River estuary.
We used canonical correspondence analysis to assess the roles of temporal and spatial habitat variability in juvenile diet
variation. We found that juvenile striped bass diets in the Hudson River were only modestly comparable to diets in other east
coast estuaries. Among-year differences (51.4%) and spatial differences (41.9%) were substantially associated with juvenile
striped bass diet. We found ontogeny (2.8%) and within-season variation (9.5%) to only weakly associate with diet variation.
Our results indicate that an understanding of the temporal and spatial variation within the Hudson River estuary is vital
in understanding variation in feeding by resident juvenile fish. 相似文献
We determine the binary star fraction as a function of radius in NGC 1818, a young rich cluster in the Large Magellanic Cloud, using Hubble Space Telescope images in bands F336W (∼ U ) and F555W (∼ V ). Our sample includes binaries with M primary ∼ 2–5.5 M⊙ and M secondary ≳ 0.7 Mprimary. The binary fraction increases towards the cluster centre, from ∼ 20 ± 5 per cent in the outer parts, to ∼ 35 ± 5 per cent inside the core. This increase is consistent with dynamical mass segregation and need not be primordial. We compare our results with expectations from N -body models, and discuss the implications for the formation and early evolution of such clusters. 相似文献