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81.
Gültekin?Topuz Rainer?AltherrEmail author Muharrem?Sat?r Winfried?H.?Schwarz 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2004,93(1):72-91
In the Pulur complex (Sakarya Zone, Eastern Pontides, Turkey) a low-grade tectonometamorphic unit (Doankavak) is exposed in three tectonic windows beneath a complex medium-pressure high-temperature metamorphic unit of late Carboniferous age. The thrust plane between both units is transgressively covered by Liassic conglomerates. The Doankavak unit comprises a sequence of metabasites with MORB-type chemical compositions and phyllites, with subordinate calcareous phyllites, marbles, quarzofeldspathic schists and metacherts. This sequence is interpreted as a former accretionary complex related to the consumption of the Palaeotethys. Mineral parageneses in the metabasites allow for the distinction of two domains with slightly different peak metamorphic conditions, i.e. 375–425 °C/0.5–0.8 GPa (greenschist facies) and 400–470 °C/0.6–1.1 GPa (albite-epidote amphibolite facies). The age of metamorphism is constrained at ~ 260 Ma (early Late Permian) by two Rb-Sr mineral-whole rock ages (hornblende, phengite) and one 40Ar/39Ar single step total fusion age (phengite). In conjunction with previous data on other accretionary complexes in the Sakarya zone in Northern Turkey, the data presented in this study suggest a continuous subduction of the Palaeotethys at least from Early/Late Permian to Late Triassic and a discontinuous preservation of accretion complexes in both space and time. 相似文献
82.
Rainer Abart Elena Petrishcheva Stefan Käßner Ralf Milke 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,97(3-4):251-263
Feldspar megacrysts from the Weinsberg granite (Moldanubian Zone) show oscillatory zoning with respect to the albite- and orthoclase components. All growth zones show perthitic exsolutions which take the form of bleb- and lens shaped albite-rich precipitates in an orthoclase-rich host. The average sizes and shapes of the precipitates show systematic variation with the integrated bulk compositions of the respective growth zones. The precipitates are abundant and relatively small in growth zones with intermediate bulk composition (Or50Ab41An09 - Or80Ab18An02), and they are less abundant and larger in more orthoclase-rich zones (Or88Ab11An01). Small precipitates have a relatively high aspect ratio, whereas the large precipitates in the potassium-rich zones are more spherical. The relation between microstructure and integrated bulk composition suggests that exsolution and subsequent growth and coarsening occurred by different mechanisms in the respective growth zones. Numerical modeling shows that rapid growth of precipitates over extended periods of time and attainment of relatively large final size is favored, if only few nuclei are formed in an oversaturated host. In contrast, precipitates can grow rapidly only over limited time intervals and remain relatively small, if abundant nuclei are present. During cooling of the oscillatorily zoned alkali-feldspar, exsolution started at relatively high temperatures in growth zones of intermediate integrated bulk composition as compared to exsolution in the more orthoclase-rich growth zones. Irrespective of whether exsolution occurred by spinodal decomposition or by nucleation at relatively high temperatures in the growth zones of intermediate integrated bulk composition, it produced abundant nuclei and resulted in relatively small precipitates. In contrast, comparatively few nuclei were formed in the orthoclase-rich growth zones resulting in large precipitates. The Na/K partitioning between precipitates and the host is independent of the integrated bulk composition of the respective growth zone reflecting re-equilibration during cooling down to relatively low temperatures (<?400°C). The shape of the precipitates probably has evolved from an initially lamellar or spindle-like geometry with high aspect ratio to more isometric, spheroidal shapes during precipitate growth and coarsening. Host/precipitate interfaces served as fluid pathways during late stage deuteric alteration. 相似文献
83.
Ghislain Dubois Benjamin Sovacool Carlo Aall Maria Nilsson Carine Barbier Alina Herrmann Sébastien Bruyère Camilla Andersson Bore Skold Franck Nadaud Florian Dorner Karen Richardsen Moberg Jean Paul Ceron Helen Fischer Dorothee Amelung Marta Baltruszewicz Jeremy Fischer Françoise Benevise Valérie R. Louis Rainer Sauerborn 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2012
Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy. 相似文献
84.
Rainer Schneck Arne Micheels Volker Mosbrugger 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2012,101(1):323-338
The Late Miocene belongs to the late phase of the Cenozoic. Climate at that time was still warmer and more humid as compared
to today, especially in the high latitudes. Corresponding to the climate situation, palaeobotanical evidences support that
vegetation in the high northern latitudes changed significantly from the Late Miocene until today. To quantify the climate
impact of this vegetation change, we analyse how vegetation in the high northern latitudes contribute to climate evolution.
For that, we perform climate modelling sensitivity experiments for the present and for the Late Miocene (Tortonian, 11–7 Ma).
For our present-day sensitivity experiment, we introduce the Tortonian vegetation in the high northern latitudes. For our
Tortonian sensitivity experiment, we introduce the modern vegetation on the same grid cells. In the Tortonian and in the present,
the modern vegetation leads to a strong cooling of the northern extratropics (up to −4°C). Nevertheless, the meridional heat
transports remain nearly unchanged in both cases. In general, the vegetation impact on climate is similar in the Tortonian
and in the present. However, some exceptions occur. Due to the Tethys Ocean in the Tortonian, temperatures decline only weakly
in eastern Europe and western Asia. In the Tortonian climate, temperatures on the Sahara realm rise (up to +1.5°C), while
the temperatures do not change remarkably in the present-day climate. This different behaviour is caused by a stronger and
more sensitive hydrological cycle on the Sahara region during the Tortonian. 相似文献
85.
Bastian Joachim Emmanuel Gardés Rainer Abart Wilhelm Heinrich 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,161(3):389-399
Growth rates of monomineralic, polycrystalline åkermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7) rims produced by solid-state reactions between monticellite (CaMgSiO4) and wollastonite (CaSiO3) single crystals were determined at 0.5 GPa dry argon pressure, 1,000–1,200°C and 5 min to 60 h, using an internally heated pressure vessel. Inert Pt-markers, initially placed at the monticellite–wollastonite interface, indicate symmetrical growth into both directions. This and mass balance considerations demonstrate that rim growth is controlled by transport of MgO. At 1,200°C and run durations between 5 min and 60 h, rim growth follows a parabolic rate law with rim widths ranging from 0.4 to 16.3 μm indicating diffusion-controlled rim growth. The effective bulk diffusion coefficient \( D_{\text{eff,MgO}}^{\text{Ak}} \) is calculated to 10?15.8±0.1 m2 s?1. Between 1,000°C and 1,200°C, the effective bulk diffusion coefficient follows an Arrhenius law with E a = 204 ± 18 kJ/mol and D 0 = 10?8.6±1.6 m2 s?1. Åkermanite grains display a palisade texture with elongation perpendicular to the reaction interface. At 1,200°C, average grain widths measured normal to elongation, increase with the square root of time and range from 0.4 to 5.4 μm leading to a successive decrease in the grain boundary area fraction, which, however, does not affect \( D_{\text{eff,MgO}}^{\text{Ak}} \) to a detectible extent. This implies that grain boundary diffusion only accounts for a minor fraction of the overall chemical mass transfer, and rim growth is essentially controlled by volume diffusion. This is corroborated by the agreement between our estimates of the effective MgO bulk diffusion coefficient and experimentally determined volume diffusion data for Mg and O in åkermanite from the literature. There is sharp contrast to the MgO–SiO2 binary system, where grain boundary diffusion controls rim growth. 相似文献
86.
Ghislain Dubois Benjamin Sovacool Carlo Aall Maria Nilsson Carine Barbier Alina Herrmann Sébastien Bruyère Camilla Andersson Bore Skold Franck Nadaud Florian Dorner Karen Richardsen Moberg Jean Paul Ceron Helen Fischer Dorothee Amelung Marta Baltruszewicz Jeremy Fischer Françoise Benevise Rainer Sauerborn 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2013
Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy. 相似文献
87.
POISEL Rainer BEDNARIK Martin HOLZER Rudolf LISCAK Pavel 《山地科学学报》2005,2(3):211-217
A catalogue of possible landslide initial failure mechanisms, taking into account the geological setting and the geometry of the slope, the joint structure, the habitus of the rock blocks, as well as the mechanical behaviour of the rocks and of the rock mass (deformation and strength parameters), is presented. Its aim is to give geologists as well as engineers the opportunity to compare phenomena in the field and phenomena belonging to particular mechanisms and to find the mechanism occurring. The presented catalogue of initial landslide mechanisms only comprises the mechanisms having a clearly defined mechanical model that can be divided into empirical relations and into mechanical models, as well as an overview of run out models, which can be divided into empirical relations and into mechanical models. 相似文献
88.
Gated communities and enclave urbanism in China have recently drawn considerable attention of researchers and policy makers. The integration of urban space is now even on the agenda of the Chinese Central Government. This article therefore sets out to advance our understanding of how exactly urban borders function and how they change over time. This is done by applying concepts of border theory to what may be called residential borderlands. The empirical study is conducted in two such borderlands between gated communities and suburban villages in southern Guangzhou. It is based on over 70 qualitative interviews and the observation of spatial behaviour at the respective borders. Both debordering and rebordering processes are found to occur with regards to three dimensions: cross-border mobility, cross-border social connectivity and symbolic border functions. The identified dynamic processes at the neighbourhood borders are embedded in the overall urban spatial reconfiguration of Guangzhou. 相似文献
89.
Benjamin Kaeser Bettina Olker Angelika Kalt Rainer Altherr Thomas Pettke 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,157(4):453-472
Garnet-bearing and garnet-free pyroxenite xenoliths from Quaternary basanites of Marsabit, northern Kenya, were analysed for
microstructures and mineral compositions (major and trace elements) to constrain the thermal and compositional evolution of
the lithospheric mantle in this region. Garnet-bearing rocks are amphibole-bearing websterite with ~5–10 vol% orthopyroxene.
Clinopyroxene is LREE-depleted and garnet has high HREE contents, in agreement with an origin as cumulates from basaltic mantle
melts. Primary orthopyroxene inclusions in garnet suggest that the parental melts were orthopyroxene-saturated. Rock fabrics
vary from weakly to strongly deformed. Thermobarometry indicates extensive decompression and cooling (~970–1,100°C at ~2.3–2.6 GPa
to ~700–800°C at ~0.5–1.0 GPa) during deformation, best interpreted as pyroxenite intrusion into thick Paleozoic continental
lithosphere subsequently followed by continental rifting (i.e., formation of the Mesozoic Anza Graben). During continental
rifting, garnet websterites were decompressed (garnet-to-spinel transition) and experienced the same P–T evolution as their host peridotites. Strongly deformed samples show compositional overlaps with cpx-rich, initially garnet-bearing
lherzolite, best explained by partial re-equilibration of peridotite and pyroxenite during deformation and mechanical mingling.
In contrast, garnet-free pyroxenites include undeformed, cumulate-like samples, indicating that they are younger than the
garnet websterites. Major and trace element compositions of clinopyroxene and calculated equilibrium melts suggest crystallisation
from alkaline basaltic melt similar to the host basanite, which suggests formation in the context of alkaline magmatism during
the development of the Kenya rift.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
90.
Rainer Altherr Manfred Schliestedt Martin Okrusch Eberhard Seidel Hans Kreuzer Wilhelm Harre Heinz Lenz Immo Wendt Günther A. Wagner 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1979,70(3):245-255
Polymetamorphic rocks of Sifnos (Greece) have been investigated by Rb-Sr, K-Ar, and fission track methods. Critical mineral assemblages from the northern and southernmost parts of Sifnos include jadeite+quartz+3T phengite, and omphacite+garnet +3T phengite, whereas the central part is characterized by the assemblage albite+chlorite+epidote+2M
1 phengite.K-Ar and Rb-Sr dates on phengites (predominantly 3T) of the best preserved high P/itTmetamorphic rocks from northern Sifnos gave concordant ages around 42 m.y., indicating a Late Lutetian age for the high P/T metamorphism. Phengites (2M
1+3T) of less preserved high P/T assemblages yielded K-Ar dates between 48 and 41 m.y. but generally lower Rb-Sr dates. The higher K-Ar dates are interpreted as being elevated by excess argon.K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages on 2M
1 phengites from central Sifnos vary between 24 and 21 m.y. These ages date a second, greenschist-facies metamorphism which overprinted the earlier high-pressure metamorphic rocks. 相似文献