黄山夏季气溶胶多尺度吸湿性的参数化方案构建研究

利用2014年7月在黄山光明顶观测的气溶胶吸湿性参数（κ）和气溶胶离子化学组分、有机碳（OC,organic carbon）数据,对多尺度气溶胶吸湿性参数进行分析,并在此基础上建立了多尺度κ的参数化方案。研究结果表明,影响黄山夏季气溶胶来源的主要气团包括西南气团、北方气团以及东南气团。黄山夏季κ的变化范围为0.2-0.48,且随粒径增大成先增大后减小的分布特征;气溶胶粒径在0.15-1.1 μm的强吸湿段,κ>0.3,而在粒径小于0.15 μm和粒径大于1.1 μm弱吸湿段,κκ分布不同,气溶胶粒子在小于1.1 μm的粒径段,当受西南气团影响时,κ值最大,而受东南气团影响时,κ值最小;在气溶胶粒径大于1.1 μm时,κ在两个气团背景下呈现与气溶胶粒径小于1.1 μm时相反的分布特征。影响粒径小于1.1 μm气溶胶吸湿能力的主要水溶性化学组分为NH4+、SO42-、水溶性有机碳（WSOC,water soluble organic carbon）,而影响大于1.1 μm粒径范围气溶胶吸湿能力的主要水溶性化学组分为NH4+、SO42-、NO3-、WSOC和Ca2+。由气溶胶多尺度离子化学组分和WSOC构建的气溶胶κ的参数化方案,在小于1.1 μm和大于1.1 μm的粒径范围内的表达式分别为κreg=0.12+0.45fNH4++0.63fSO42-+0.18fWSOC和κreg=0.01+0.78fNH4++0.76fNO3-+0.8fSO42--0.28fCa2++0.14fWSOC（f为对应组分的质量份数）。两个参数化方案均能较好地预报κ,预报值κreg与κ的计算值间存在较好的相关关系,相关系数通过了置信度99%的显著性检验,且预报误差在30%范围内。      

Mycobacteria, but not mercury, induces metallothionein (MT) protein in striped bass, Morone saxitilis, phagocytes, while both stimuli induce MT in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, phagocytes

Recent advances in molecular immunology indicate that the expression of inducible pro-inflammatory proteins is increased in vertebrates in response to both infectious disease agents and various xenobiotics. For example, iNOS, COX-2, and CYP1A are induced by both inflammation and AhR ligands. Moreover, the expression of these proteins in response to stimuli varies among individuals within populations. Little is known of the differences among fish in the inducibility of proinflammatory proteins in response to both infectious agents and xenobiotics. Through random screening of a striped bass, Morone saxitilis, peritoneal macrophage cDNA library, a full length metallothionein (MT) gene was cloned and sequenced. MT is a low-molecular weight (6-8 kDa), cysteine-rich metal binding protein. Metals are required by pathogenic bacteria for growth, and by the host defense system by serving as a catalyst for the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) by phagocytes. A recombinant striped bass MT (rMT) was expressed and purified, then used to generate a specific mAb (MT-16). MT protein expression was followed in freshly isolated striped bass and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, phagocytes after in vitro exposure to the naturally occurring intracellular pathogen Mycobacteria fortuitum or to 0.1 and 1 microM mercury (Hg), as HgCl(2). MT expression was increased by 24 h in both channel catfish and striped bass phagocytes as a result of exposure to M. fortuitum cells. On the other hand, MT was induced by Hg in channel catfish cells, but not those of striped bass. These results indicate that metal homeostasis in phagocytes is different between catfish and striped bass. In addition, these data suggest that care should be taken to distinguish between inflammation-induced vs. metal-induced MT when using MT expression as a biomarker of metal exposure.     

甲烷厌氧氧化作用和白云石形成的关系

我们研究了有机质降解、甲烷厌氧氧化(AMO)与硫酸盐亏损之间的关系，并探讨了这些过程影响和控制白云石化作用的机理。利用ODP175航次在西非大陆边缘若干个富集有机质的站位中的研究数据，我们确定了AMO发生的深度和反应速率与白云石形成之间的联系。本研究根据CH4和SO4^2-的在沉积物中的扩散通量计算了AMO的反应速率以及根据Mg离子的扩散通量计算了白云石形成速率。研究表明，白云石的形成速率相对比较稳定，不随其形成的深度而变化，这显示了Mg、Ca离子扩散通量不会受到深度的限制。根据计算的logIAP值，我们得出白云石的logKsp值在-16．1～-16．4这样一个狭窄的范围。白云石的形成部分受甲烷厌氧氧化作用(AMO)和甲烷生成作用相互竞争的控制，这两个作用控制着流体中溶解a32的种类。通过硫酸盐的还原作用，沉积物中AMO过程增加了环境中CO3^2-的浓度，有利于白云石的形成，而甲烷生成作用增加沉积物中孔隙水的CO2的活度，抑制了白云石的沉淀。甲烷生成作用和AMO作用一起控制着沉积环境中CO2和碱度，从而决定了富含有机质的海洋沉积物中白云石的形成。此外，我们建立了在AMO作用和白云石形成机理之间存在的关系模式，运用这种模式，可以计算现代海洋沉积物中白云石的稳定常数，并且可以预计白云石形成区域和深度。     

饵料对斑玉螺浮游幼虫存活与生长的影响

采用金藻、金藻和云微藻、云微藻三组饵料分别投喂斑玉螺浮游幼虫，每天测定壳宽和存活率.结果表明，10d后，投有金藻的两组存活率较高，生长较快，作者认为，金藻是斑玉螺浮游幼虫的适合饵料.     

Dynamics of population growth: Bundelkhand region--a case study

This paper analyzes the growth of population and its various characteristics in the Bundelkhand region of India. Bundelkhand region--a distinct histocultural and geographic unit--is a transitional zone between the 2 major physiographic divisions of India: the Gangetic plain and Peninsular India. The region is a less developed part of India where people are living in low social status with poor economic conditions; agriculture is the mainstay of the people, but the region suffers from the inadequacy and inefficiencies of irrigation facilities. The history of population growth of the region during the last 80 years has followed a multivariate course; besides the interplay of birth and death, in-migration contributes considerably to the population growth. The 1st phase (1901-1921) is that of progressive decline causing a very slow population growth--population decrease was mainly due to the influenza epidemic of 1918-19. The 2nd phase (1921-1951) was a period of moderate population growth due to the national political movements and disturbances together with some natural disasters. The 3rd phase (1951-1981) is marked by a rapid population growth mainly due to the decline in the death rate. Over the last 80 years, the total population of the Bundelkhand region increased from 3.45 million to 8.03 million--a net increase of 132.58%. However, this change is not high when compared to the national average of 176.11%. The total population of the region in 1981 (8,037,206 persons) is expected to reach 8,874,000 persons in 1991, and 9,797,000 persons in 2001. This will undoubtedly put enormous pressure on the resources of the region slowing down the pace of economic progress.