多源遥感技术在汝箕沟煤田火区动态监测中的应用

以高空间分辨率的Quickbird卫星图像和高光谱分辨率的OMIS Ⅰ航空高光谱图像数据为信息源,结合细分光谱仪、红外测温计等地面遥感技术,对宁夏汝箕沟煤田的煤火现状进行了定量调查分析及动态监测,查明了煤田煤火的范围、强度,分析了不同时期煤田火区的变化规律,评价了火区治理效果并对后续灭火工作提出建议,为火区治理提供了决策依据.     

遗传规划在岩石力学中的应用

本文探讨了遗传规划这一新的优化方法在岩石力学参数确定中的应用。由于影响岩石力学性能的各因素之间关系不明确,而遗传规划特别适用于各影响因素之间因果关系不明确的复杂非线性问题。它为预测岩石力学性能提供了一条新的技术途径。通过例子,说明该方法的实用性。     

The effect of landscape and hydrologic variables on the prehistoric Salado: Geoarchaeological investigations in the Tonto Basin,Arizona

Geoarchaeological investigations in the Tonto Basin, Arizona provide insights into the Classic period Salado occupation from A.D. 1150 to 1450. Geomorphic reconstructions show that the Salado pursued irrigation agriculture on an intermediate Holocene terrace that was protected from flooding, while permanent settlements were located on stable Pleistocene landforms overlooking the field areas. Carrying-capacity-based calculations show that the population during the Classic period numbered in the low thousands. The development and subsequent cultural changes during the Classic period are tied to streamflow variations and cultural factors. The final abandonment of the Tonto Basin around A.D. 1450 is not the result of a major landscape change, but instead is linked to high frequency hydrologic variations that influenced food production coupled with cultural factors. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

湖南崀山丹霞地貌岩体抗酸侵蚀脆弱性的实验研究

湖南崀山拥有独特的丹霞喀斯特现象,但具有溶蚀力的水对丹霞地貌区重要的物质基础砂岩和砾岩的侵蚀还没有进行过深入的实验研究。以此为切入点,通过实地采样获得41块砂岩、砾岩岩芯,选择其中18块岩芯平均分成3组,分别放入2%、5%、10%3种不同浓度的H2SO4溶液中浸泡并连续12天定时观测、记录,最后把未破碎的3块砾岩岩芯进...     

动量BP算法在路基沉降预测中的应用

提出一种采用动量BP算法来预测路基沉降的方法,结合具体的工程实例,构建了预测路基沉降的具体BP神经网络模型。预测结果表明,该模型有较高的预测精度,可作为预测路基沉降的一种新方法。     

基于MapObjects的高速公路气象预报服务系统

以陕西省为例.详细介绍了基于地理信息系统的高速公路气象预报服务系统的设计开发,以及系统的开发方法和核心技术.系统采用SQL Server 2000管理系统数据库.使用ADO动态数据连接引擎实现数据通信,利用Visual Basic 6.0与MapObjects二次开发组件技术,采用嵌入式集成方式,实现了道路天气查询、公路天气预报发布等专业应用与基本地理信息功能的有机集成,大大提高了公路交通气象服务能力.该系统具有很好的可移植性,可以应用于其他省市的高速公路气象预报服务中.     

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Enhancing the relevance of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways for climate change impacts,adaptation and vulnerability research

This paper discusses the role and relevance of the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and the new scenarios that combine SSPs with representative concentration pathways (RCPs) for climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability (IAV) research. It first provides an overview of uses of social–environmental scenarios in IAV studies and identifies the main shortcomings of earlier such scenarios. Second, the paper elaborates on two aspects of the SSPs and new scenarios that would improve their usefulness for IAV studies compared to earlier scenario sets: (i) enhancing their applicability while retaining coherence across spatial scales, and (ii) adding indicators of importance for projecting vulnerability. The paper therefore presents an agenda for future research, recommending that SSPs incorporate not only the standard variables of population and gross domestic product, but also indicators such as income distribution, spatial population, human health and governance.     

On the climate response of the low-latitude Pacific Ocean to changes in the global freshwater cycle

Under global warming, the predicted intensification of the global freshwater cycle will modify the net freshwater flux at the ocean surface. Since the freshwater flux maintains ocean salinity structures, changes to the density-driven ocean circulation are likely. A modified ocean circulation could further alter the climate, potentially allowing rapid changes, as seen in the past. The relevant feedback mechanisms and timescales are poorly understood in detail, however, especially at low latitudes where the effects of salinity are relatively subtle. In an attempt to resolve some of these outstanding issues, we present an investigation of the climate response of the low-latitude Pacific region to changes in freshwater forcing. Initiated from the present-day thermohaline structure, a control run of a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model is compared with a perturbation run in which the net freshwater flux is prescribed to be zero over the ocean. Such an extreme experiment helps to elucidate the general adjustment mechanisms and their timescales. The atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are held constant, and we restrict our attention to the adjustment of the upper 1,000 m of the Pacific Ocean between 40°N and 40°S, over 100 years. In the perturbation run, changes to the surface buoyancy, near-surface vertical mixing and mixed-layer depth are established within 1 year. Subsequently, relative to the control run, the surface of the low-latitude Pacific Ocean in the perturbation run warms by an average of 0.6°C, and the interior cools by up to 1.1°C, after a few decades. This vertical re-arrangement of the ocean heat content is shown to be achieved by a gradual shutdown of the heat flux due to isopycnal (i.e. along surfaces of constant density) mixing, the vertical component of which is downwards at low latitudes. This heat transfer depends crucially upon the existence of density-compensating temperature and salinity gradients on isopycnal surfaces. The timescale of the thermal changes in the perturbation run is therefore set by the timescale for the decay of isopycnal salinity gradients in response to the eliminated freshwater forcing, which we demonstrate to be around 10–20 years. Such isopycnal heat flux changes may play a role in the response of the low-latitude climate to a future accelerated freshwater cycle. Specifically, the mechanism appears to represent a weak negative sea surface temperature feedback, which we speculate might partially shield from view the anthropogenically-forced global warming signal at low latitudes. Furthermore, since the surface freshwater flux is shown to play a role in determining the ocean’s thermal structure, it follows that evaporation and/or precipitation biases in general circulation models are likely to cause sea surface temperature biases.