Aircraft observations of electrical conductivity in warm clouds

Aircraft observations of electrical conductivity and cloud microphsical, dynamical and other electrical parameters were made in warm stratocumulus and cumulus clouds forming during the summer monsoon seasons (June-September) of 1983 and 1985 in the Deccan Plateau region, India. A Gerdien type cylindrical condenser was used for the measurement of electrical conductivity. The variations in the electrical conductivity are observed to be closely associated with the updrafts and downdrafts in the cloud, liquid water content, cloud droplet charge and coro-na discharge current. The value of electrical conductivity in warm clouds is found to be in the order of 10-12 ohm-1 m-1 which is two orders higher than that observed in clear-air at cloud-base levels in some regions by other investigators.Classical static electricity concepts predict reduced conductivity values inside clouds. Cloud electrical conductivi-ty measurements, particularly in warm clouds are few and the results are contradictory. The recently identified mech-anism of vertical mixing in clouds lends support to coovective charge separation mechanism with inherent larger than clear-air values for cloud electrical conductivity and therefore consistent with the measurements reported herein.     

火山成因脉状金矿床

本文的目的是讨论脉状金矿床的一般地质特征,并提出了火山-变质成因假说,同时为检验该火山成因假说的适用性和改进对矿床成因的认识,提出了进一步研究的建议。     

A TEST OF THREE FITTING CRITERIA FOR MULTIRESPONSE NON-LINEAR MODELING

This work evaluates objective functions for multiresponse non-linear modeling using computersimulations.Tests are performed under a variety of signal-to-noise ratios and noise variance-covariancestructures.The standard error of prediction for the model parameters,computed from 50 trials,is usedfor performance comparisons.The full rank and rank-deficient problems are considered.For the fullrank problem one model was investigated,a first-order two-step consecutive reaction model,and twoobjective functions were considered,the total sum of squares and the determinant criterion.Nodistinction could be made between the two objective functions for this model.For the rank-deficient case two models were investigated,a first-order two-step consecutive reactionas in the full rank case,and a pH titration model described by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.Three objective functions were investigated for the rank-deficient case,the total sum of squares,aweighted total sum of squares and the determinant criterion.The total sum of squares was found toperform poorly under all conditions tested compared to the weighted total sum of squares and thedeterminant criterion.The determinant criterion was found to perform much better than the other twocriteria when the data have a combination of a low signal-to-noise ratio and high variance-covariancenoise structure.     

THE CONSTRUCTION OF SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS FOR SEVERAL POLYNOMIALS IN THE CALIBRATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS

In this paper a criterion is described for the construction of experimental designs for the evaluation ofcalibration models in analytical chemistry.The proposed criterion seeks a compromise between theD-optimal designs for estimating the parameters of different polynomial models.A computer algorithmis presented for a sequential construction of experimental designs using the optimality criterion.Theperformance of the optimality criterion and the computer algorithm is elaborated for the problem ofdiscrimination between a first-to a third-degree polynomial for the calibration of analytical methods.Anexperimental design consisting of replicate measurements at five distinct levels equally spaced over thecalibration range proved a good solution.     

兰州市沙尘和非沙尘天气降尘的粒度特征比较

选择兰州市典型沙尘天气和非沙尘天气收集两类降尘,并对其进行粒度测定。结果表明：两种类型降尘粒度特征差别明显。总体上看沙尘天气和非沙尘天气降尘都以粉砂为主,但沙尘天气降尘粒度比非沙尘天气降尘偏粗,分选更差。非沙尘天气降尘粒度频率曲线呈双峰态分布。而沙尘天气降尘则呈单峰正偏态分布特征,说明沙尘天气沉降物来源比较单一。沙尘天气和非沙尘天气降尘的粒度分布曲线与兰州黄土的十分相似,说明现代降尘是地质时代风尘活动的继续,现代风积作用仍在进行。而它们粒度参数之间的差异可能与降尘堆积物的粘土化过程有关。     

利用重力资料检测日本9.0级地震激发的地球自由振荡

利用格尔木基准地震台重力观测资料,检测到2011年3月11日日本东海岸9.0级特大地震激发0S0 ～0S40之间的球型自由振荡,其中有0S0、0S13、0S22、0S26、0S30共5个振型的观测频率值与理论频率值偏差近似为0.同时发现0S2、0S3振型有明显的谱线分裂现象,但是0S32、0S37振型未与周围噪音区分开,观测效果不明显.整体平均偏差约为0.10％,观测频率值与理论频率值有很好的相符,这不但说明了PREM模型理论的正确性,也说明了格尔木基准地震台重力资料质量的优良,研究结果对了解地球内部结构有一定的帮助.     

THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN A MULTI-CULTURAL BACKGROUND──The Studies of Minority Regions in the Western China

1 INTRODUCTION China is a country with many nationalities. The western China includes Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi, Guizhou Province, Yunnan Province, Chongqing City, Sichuan Province, Xizang(Tibet) Autonomous Region, Uygur Autonomous Region of Xijiang, Qinghai Province, Hui Autonomous Region of Ningxia, Gansu Province, Shaanxi Province and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, these places are densely populated with 46 minorities out of a total of 55 minorities of C…     

钻孔洞隙堵塞方法

钻进过程中遇到孔内有洞隙的时候,可以采用一种易于钻掉的塞子。如图1示,用一段塑料管子1套于其底端塑料导向楔2上,然后用钻杆下入孔内。在塑料管上安一个用柔软而不透水并有膨胀性材料制成的膜囊3。此膜囊长度要足够在打算堵塞的洞隙处“架桥”。