A landscape pattern analysis method based on boundaries and nodes: A case study in upper Minjiang River, China

Traditionally,patch-based analysis at the landscape scale fragmentation has been used in the study of landscape ecology while the study of boundary and node has not been considered as much detail until recently.This study investigated the possibility of applying boundary-and node-based methods in landscape pattern analysis to the upper reaches of the Minjiang River in the southwestern China.Boundary-based and node-based landscape indices were selected to be used in analyzing changes in landscape patterns,and the results were compared with analysis using traditional pattern indices.We compared the responses of patch-area-based,boundary-length-based and node-number-based indices,and concluded that boundary-based and node-based indices are more sensitive to disturbance than patch-based indices with various patterns,and node-based indices are even more sensitive than boundary-based ones.Thus,the results suggest that boundary-based and node-based pattern analysis methods provide helpful supplementary information to traditional patch-based pattern analysis methods.The results about pattern dynamics of landscapes in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River based on boundaries and nodes showed that with human disturbance,the dominance of forest landscape was weakened by other landscape types; thus the landscape pattern of the study area became more homogeneous and the boundary network became more complex.These changes further augmented disturbance interfaces in the landscape and increased the possibilities of further landscape fragmentation.     

Rehabilitation and Sustainable Use Pattern of Rocky-desertified Land in Southwest China＇s Poverty-stricken Karst Mountainous Areas ——A Case Study in Benggu Township, Xichou County, Yunnan, China

The rocky desert in a karst area directly causes the lack of soil, water and forest, hence leading to the poverty there. In 1990, the villagers from the Muzhe Village in Benggu Township, Xichou County, Yunnan declared a war against rocky desert in an attempt to ask the fields for more yields. They invented a distinctive land rehabilitation and sustainable use pattern called ＂transforming heaven and earth＂ that had been practiced in Southwest China＇s karst areas. The key mechanism of the pattern was to develop terraced fields with well conserved soil, water and fertility by exploding rocks in the fields, building stone walls, gathering more soil, and improving soil quality and productivity for the fields in combination with building of irrigation facilities and roads, as well as with forestation and agriculture structure adjustment. The purpose of the pattern was to alleviate poverty in the karst areas by improving soil productivity and promoting agricultural development. A typical area was studied with the help of Participatory Rural Appraisal （PRA） and the pattern was carried out there for fifteen years, have produced excellent ecological benefits and good economic benefits. Its application in the area approved that it was a sustainable land use pattern for rocky desert areas.     

QUANTITATIVE MODELING OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN MIDDLE CHANGJIANG RIVER FROM MODIS

1INTRODUCTIONThe quality of water is traditionally determined by col-lectingwatersamplesandanalyzingthesamplesin a lab-oratory. However, sampling is very much hard sledding,time-consuming, slow and expensive, and easily in thecontrol of weather conditions, and does not include allwater areas. Satellite estimates of water quality havefound widespread application. Remote sensing instru-ments have been applied in water quality monitoringwith varying success (DANA and RICHARD, 1999;RUDD…     

Plate convergence in the Indo-Pacific region

The Indo-Pacific convergence region is the best target to solve the teo remaining challenge s of the plate tectonics theory,i.e.,subduction initiation and the driving force of plate tectonics.Recent studies proposed that the Izu-Bonin subduction initiation belongs to spontaneous initiation,which implies that it started from extension,followed by low angle subduction.Numerical geodynamic modeling suggests that the initiation of plate subduction likely occurred along a transform fault,which put the young spreading ridge in direct contact with old oceanic crust.This,however,does not explain the simultaneous subduction initiation in the west Pacific region in the Cenozoic.Namely,the subduction initiations in the Izu-BoninMariana,the Aleutian,and the Tonga-Kermadec trenches are associated with oceanic crusts of different ages,yet they occurred at roughly the same time,suggesting that they were all triggered by a maj or change in the Pacific plate.Moreover,low angle subduction induces compression rather than extension,which requires external compression forces.Given that the famous Hawaiian-Emperor bending occurred roughly at the same time with the onset of westward subductions in the west Pacific,we propose that these Cenozoic subductions were initiated by the steering of the Pacific plate,which are classified as induced initiation.Induced subduction initiation usually occurs in young ocean basins,forming single-track subduction.The closure s of Neo-Tethys Oceans were likely triggered by plume s in the south,forming northward subductions.Interestingly,the Indian plate kept on moving northward more than 50 Ma after the collision between the Indian and Eurasian continents and the break-off of the subducted oceanic slab attached to it.This strongly suggests that slab pull is not the main driving force of plate tectonics,whereas slab sliding is.     

山区三维地震勘探大时差静校正及时深转换

山地煤矿采区地形条件复杂，正确进行大时差静校正是处理好二维地震勘探资料的重要一环。大时差静校正会改变煤层反射波时间(t0)及双曲线特征，为减小校正误差，需设立一个CMP面，将校正量分为高频分量和CMP校正量。在地形高差变化剧烈的山地，不能用高于地表面的统一基准面为零线进行时深转换，须进行充填层时差(△t)校正，将统一基准面校正到地表面，再以地表面为零线进行时深转换成图。以便准确无误的展示煤层赋存形态，提高构造图精度。     

南水北调中线工程建设与河南水资源可持续利用

文章通过对河南省水资源开发利用现状，存在的主要问题，水资源供需平衡以及南水北调工程对河南省水资源利用的影响论述，提出了在拟定南水北调工程供水方案中，应通过强化节水，加强水资源保护，严格控制地下水开采，将水资源作为商品等措施，促进河南省水资源的可持续开发利用。     

吉林伊通盆地莫里青断陷古近系双阳组储集层成岩作用研究

古近系双阳组是在吉林省伊通盆地莫里青断陷中，油气赋存的主要层位,储层主要为湖底扇和扇三角洲的砂体。依据双阳组储层的大量薄片、扫描电镜、粘土矿物分析的资料研究了该储集层的成岩作用。研究结果表明双阳组储集层：成岩作用经历了压实、压溶、胶结、交代和溶解6方面的作用。双储集层中的自生粘土矿物蒙皂石向伊利石转化具有明显的特征：主要演化过程经历了蒙皂石渐变带，第一迅速转化带和第二迅速转化带，相应的成岩作用阶段可划分为早成岩阶段B期、晚成岩阶段A1期和晚成岩阶段A2期。依据在垂向上的成岩变化,建立了莫里青断陷双阳组储集层的成岩作用演化序列。在垂向上成岩作用的类型和强度均存在明显的差异，造成了储层物性的垂向分带。     

灌溉和施氮对甜叶菊(Stievia rebaudiana)光合作用和产量的影响

为了解水、氮供应水平对河西绿洲灌区甜叶菊(Stievia rebaudiana)光合作用和产量的调控效应,研究了灌溉量(常规灌溉,320mm;节水20%,灌溉256mm;节水40%,灌溉192mm)和施氮量(0、100、200、300kg·hm-2)对甜叶菊光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明:与不施氮相比,施氮可显著提高甜叶菊不同生育期光合速率和产量,施氮处理间光合速率和产量差异均不显著;灌溉量从192mm增加到320mm,甜叶菊产量随灌溉量的增加先增加后降低。施氮100、200、300kg·hm-2下甜叶菊产量分别较不施氮增产6.00%、9.17%、9.76%,256mm灌溉量和300kg·hm-2施氮量为甜叶菊高产的最优组合,产量达到4 177.50kg·hm-2。     

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩中超高压矿物硅尖晶石的研究

从西藏雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的罗布莎蛇绿岩的铬铁矿中，发现一个由70-80种奇异矿物组成的地幔矿物群，其中包括一种成分特殊的尖晶石类矿物。该种尖晶石呈包裹体分布在毒砂中，28粒该矿物的平均化学成分：Na2O 1.58％，MgO7．52％，Al2O3 36．59％，SiO2 44．45％，FeO 8．72％，并含少量CaO和TiO2。经激光拉曼谱仪测试，一部分颗粒具有Franclinite（锌铁尖晶石ZnFe2O4）拉曼谱。根据尖晶石结构和化学成分，可以得出两种分子式：（Mg0．52Na0．14Fe0.32Al0.74）1.72（Si2.00Al1.20）3.20O8和（Mg0.52Na0.14Fe0.32Si0.50）1.48相（Si1.50Al1.94）3．44O8。两种分子式都表明阳离子Si呈六配位占据尖晶石八面体晶格位置。Si离子呈六配位的硅酸盐。实验证明具有超高压性质，来自相当于过渡带400-670km的深部。表明西藏雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩（古大洋岩石圈）的岩浆活动达到过渡带。可能是地幔柱活动将硅尖晶石类等超高压矿物搬运到上地幔浅部的。