A multi-subwaveform parametric retracker of the radar satellite altimetric waveform and recovery of gravity anomalies over coastal oceans

The quality of satellite radar altimetric data is very important in studies of geodesy,geophysics,and oceanography.Over coastal oceans,altimeter waveforms are contaminated by the terrain and physical environments so that the accuracy of altimeter data is lower than that over open oceans.Here we develop a new multi-subwaveform parametric retracker(MSPR) to improve the quality of altimeter data for the recovery of gravity anomaly in coastal oceans.The least squares collocation method is used to recover the residual gravity anomaly over the coastal water from altimetric data.The waveform data records from Geosat/GM around Taiwan Island are practically retracked with MSPR.When compared with the Taiwan geoid height,the results retracked by MSPR are more accurate than those retracked by the well-known β-5-parmeter method and from the geophysical data records(GDRs).The gravity anomalies over Taiwan coastal waters are calculated from the retracked altimeter data with the least squares collocation.When we compared gravity anomalies computed using altimeter GDRs with the ship-borne gravity data over Taiwan coastal ocean,we found that the results from retracked data are more accurate than those from GDRs.     

钠离子对于海洋成因10-水锰矿结构稳定性的影响

10-水锰矿是海洋成岩型铁锰结核和很多陆生锰矿的主要矿物,铜、镍等过渡金属元素对于10-水锰矿结构的稳定起着重要的作用,而对于碱金属元素钠离子在其中的地球化学行为则少有涉及.利用取自东太平洋海底的成岩型铁锰结核,借助化学方法,利用矿物学和晶体化学的理论对碱金属元素钠离子在成岩型铁锰结核中的存在状态以及对结核组成矿物10-水锰矿结构的影响进行了研究.结果显示,10-水锰矿中钠离子可以被弱酸析出并且会导致其结构的破坏,使得10-水锰矿转换成7-水锰矿;析出钠离子并且结晶状态变差的10-水锰矿吸附钠离子后,其结晶状态可明显好转并且部分非10相转化为10-水锰矿,但是这种结构的破坏在自然条件下不能完全恢复.因此,钠离子对于10-水锰矿结构的稳定性起着非常重要的作用.     

POLYCULTURE OF SCALLOP CHLAMYS FARRERI AND KELP LAMINRIA JAPONICA IN SUNGO BAY

Several polyculture models of scallop Chlamys farreri and kelp Laminaria japonica currently employedin Sungo Bay and other parts of northern China are described in this paper. Economic benefits of differ-ent polyculture models are analysed based on the growth rate, culture density and market price. In addi-tion, site selection, critical environmental conditions and polyculture problems are discussed in detail.     

EFFECT OF GERMANIUM DIOXIDE ON GROWTH OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS

This study on the effect of different concentrations of germanium dioxide (GeO_2) on the specificgrowth rate (SGR), pigment contents, protein content and amino acid composition of Spirulina platensisshowed that Ge was not the essential element of this alga; that GeO_2 could speed up growth and raiseprotein content of S. platensis, and could possibly influence the photosynthesis system. The concentrationrange of GeO_2 beneficial to growth of S. platensis is from 5-100 mg/l. GeO_2 is proposed to be util-ized to remove contamination by Chlorella spp. usually occurring in the cultivation of Spirulina.     

海洋沉积物—海水界面附近氮、磷、硅的生物地球化学

海洋沉积物中的N和P随沉积物的粒度由粗到细,含量逐渐升高,而Si则降低;积物中N、P、Si的含量还随海区、输入源、季节、动力学过程及生物生产过程不同而变化.控制海洋沉积物-海水界面N、P、Si沉积、释放及循环的因素,包括有机质和溶解氧的浓度、有机质中C、N、P、Si的相对比例、沉积物-海水界面附近的氧化还原环境、生物扰动、温度、水深、pH值、不同形态S的浓度、金属离子以及水动力条件等.一般其综合作用的表现是,沉积物-海水界面之间NH+4、PO3-4和Si(OH)4从沉积物向上覆水扩散转移,而硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的通量方向相反,通量的大小随着海区的不同差别较大.     

Provenance ages of the Neoproterozoic Katanga Supergroup (Central African Copperbelt), with implications for basin evolution

New age data on detrital zircons and micas are presented from key units within the Neoproterozoic Katanga Supergroup, which hosts the major stratiform Cu–Co deposits of the Central African Copperbelt. Detrital zircon ages indicate a mainly Palaeoproterozoic (between 2081 ± 28 and 1836 ± 26 Ma) provenance for the Katanga basin, derived from the Lufubu Metamorphic Complex of the Kafue Anticline and the Bangweulu Block to the north of the outcrop belt. Detrital zircons and clasts from the Grand Conglomerat glacial diamictite indicate a source from the Palaeoproterozoic metavolcanic porphyries and granitoids of Luina Dome region, which was a basement high during Nguba Group deposition. Minor zircons of Mesoproterozoic age may have been derived from the Kibaran belt. Finally, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age data from detrital muscovites from Biano Group siltstones give a maximum age of sedimentation of 573 Ma, strongly supporting previous models that the Biano Group was deposited in a foreland basin of the Lufilian Orogen.     

珠江口内伶仃岛以北水域海底工程地质条件评价

珠江口内伶仃岛以北水域海底工程地质调查表明,该海域海底表层土主要为流泥和淤泥。钻孔揭露海底以下36.6m土层,从上到下依此划分为11层,为流泥、淤泥质土、淤泥、流泥、淤泥、粗砾砂、粉质粘土、中细砂、花岗岩残积土、强风化花岗岩和中风化花岗岩。在综合研究了区域地质、海底地形地貌、地质灾害类型、海底土的物理力学性质、土体稳定性、砂土液化特性的基础上,将研究区划分为工程地质Ⅰ区、工程地质Ⅱ区和工程地质Ⅲ区,进行了工程地质条件和各区的稳定性评价,认为Ⅰ区为次稳定区,Ⅱ区为不稳定区,Ⅲ区为次不稳定区。     

Exchange of heat and momentum between ocean and atmosphere in relation to monsoon depression during MONEX-79

Summary Air-sea energy exchange properties were examined and discussed for a case study of monsson depression during summer MONEX which occurred during 8th–18th June over the East Central Arabian Sea with its mean position at 13°N and 71°E. For this purpose the fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, eddy transfer of total heat and momentum have been computed. The results of the computations reveal that the absolute values of heat flux changes in sensible, latent and total heat show an enormous increase of 60, 230 and 290 Wm^–2 respectively, during the formation as compared to the values obtained before the formation of the depression. The flux of momentum also exhibits similar features. The Bowen ratio always shows a fairly systematic increasing tendency along with the growth of the convective activity due to the developing system over the area and attains a high value of 0.22 coinciding with the formation of the depression.

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Wärme- und Impulsaustausch zwischen Ozean und Atmosphäre während MONEX-79 und ihr Verhältnis zur Monsundepression

Zusammenfassung Die Eigenschaften des Energieaustausches zwischen Meer und Luft wurden für eine Fallstudie der Monsundepression untersucht, die während MONEX vom 8.–18. Juni 1979 über dem östlichen Indischen Ozean bei 13°N und 71°E auftrat. Dafür wurden die Flüsse von fühlbarer und latenter Wärme sowie des turbulenten Transports von Wärme und Impuls bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse legen klar, daß die Flüsse von fühlbarer, latenter und Gesamtwärme während der Entstehung der Depression absolut um 60, 230 bzw. 290 Wm^–2 gegenüber dem Anfangszustand zunehmen. Der Impulsfluß hat ein ähnliches Verhalten. Das Bowenverhältnis zeigt eine ziemlich systematisch steigende Tendenz während der wachsenden Konvektion durch das sich entwickelnde System und erreicht bei der Formation der Depression den hohen Wert 0.22.

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With 2 Figures     

Reliability-Based Optimum Design of a Simple Offshore Platform Based on Genetic Algorithms

In this paper,the problem of reliability-based optimal design of simple offshore platform isstudied,and a nonlinear fatigue damage model based on damage mechanics and genetic algorithms areused in the fatigue reliability optimum design of the structure under stochastic wave load.The fatigue dam-age model and the yield failure reliability analyzing model are used in the paper.The reliability of the mod-els and the effectiveness of genetic algorithm are shown by the results of optimum design.