云南彝良“9?7地震”前异常特点

对2012年9月7日云南省昭通市彝良县洛泽河一带5.7、5.6级地震前地震活动和前兆异常分析,其地震活动特征、流体和形变动态变化及预测指标,发现：地震前4级地震活动水平增强、出现小震活动空区;前兆异常开始于震前1年左右;短期异常有由外围向震中迁移的现象;临震异常出现的时间较为集中,震前一周内。对该地区5.0级以上强震的预报和研究具有一定的指示意义。     

Strategic transformation of regionalization for the agricultural comprehensive development: The example of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China

Strategic transformation of regionalization for agricultural comprehensive development (ACD) was presented by the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China (MOF) in 2014. The regionalization is the premise and basis of the sustainable development and improved competitiveness for agriculture. Based on the environmental resources related to agriculture, such as cropland, climate, water resources, terrain, geomorphology, patterns of the ACD projects, distribution of ecological planning, etc., we devised 13 indices using the geographic comprehensive regionalization method. The indices took into account a combination of dynamic and static, qualitative and quantitative, as well as agricultural and ecological factors. The strategic transformation of regionalization for the ACD in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China was performed; seven types were included: prioritized regions, prioritized and restricted regions, protected regions, protected and restricted regions, restricted and prioritized regions, restricted and protected regions, and restricted regions. A further 24 subtypes were used based on locations and ecological zones. The regionalization results showed that prioritized regions were mainly in northern Ningxia, the most suitable area for agriculture. The protected and restricted regions were in central and southern Ningxia. In the central part, drought was the limiting factor for agriculture, and water conservation projects there should be supported. The ecological environment is fragile in southern Ningxia, so there is a need for ecologically sound agriculture to be developed in this region. Such regionalization could achieve two goals, namely agricultural conservation and eco-environmental protection. It was performed following the requirement for scientific regionalization to include three types of regions (prioritized regions, protected regions, and restricted regions), and was applied at the township scale in a provincial or autonomous region for the first time. The results provide both guidance for the strategic transformation of the ACD in Ningxia, and a reference for similar work in other provinces.     

Epicenter and magnitude of large earthquake determined from high-rate GPS observations: A case study of the 2008 M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake

For earthquake and tsunami early warning and emergency response,the earthquake epicenter and magnitude should be determined rapidly and correctly.Using high-rate GPS observations,we can readily obtain precise and high resolution displacement time series and the seismic waveforms during the earthquake.In this paper,a new algorithm is proposed for estimating the earthquake epicenter and magnitude with the seismic waveforms derived from high-rate GPS data during the earthquake.A case study of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is conducted from 1 Hz GPS data and the epicenter and magnitude are determined.Compared with the results issued by the China Seismological Bureau,the estimation error of the epicenter and the magnitude is about 12 km and 0.1 magnitude unit,respectively.It has shown that high-rate GPS could be a new tool feasible for estimating the earthquake epicenter and magnitude,independent of or combined with seismometers.     

改进的标准化累积绝对速度及其在高速铁路地震报警应用中阈值的确定

为降低无破坏性的近震小震对高速铁路地震报警的干扰,本文引入改进的标准化累积绝对速度作为报警参数,研究基于改进的标准化累积绝对速度地震报警阈值计算方法。通过建立车轨模型,分析不同周期横向简谐波作用下的列车安全运行极限状态,得出不同车速下改进的标准化累积绝对速度的起算阈值。参照标准化累积绝对速度CAVSTD计算公式,给出不同车速下改进的标准化累积绝对速度计算公式,并计算不同时速下列车分别在6条不同场地地震波作用下改进的标准化累积绝对速度报警阈值。     

基于超像元词包特征和主动学习的高分遥感影像变化检测

为解决高分辨率遥感影像变化检测中存在底层特征缺乏语义信息、像元级的检测结果存在“椒盐”现象以及监督分类中样本标注自动化程度较低,本文提出一种基于超像元词包特征和主动学习的变化检测方法。首先采用熵率分割算法获取叠加影像的超像元对象;其次提取两期影像像元点对间的邻近相关影像特征（相关度、斜率和截距）和顾及邻域的纹理变化强度特征（均值、方差、同质性和相异性）,经线性组合作为像元点对的底层特征;然后基于像元点对底层特征利用BOW模型构建超像元词包特征,并采用一种改进标注策略的主动学习方法从无标记样本池中优选信息量较大的样本,且自动标注样本类别;最后训练分类器模型完成变化检测。通过选用2组不同地区的GF-2影像和Worldview-Ⅱ影像作为数据源进行实验,实验结果中2组数据集的F1分数分别为0.8714、0.8554,正确率分别为0.9148、0.9022,漏检率分别为0.1681、0.1868,误检率分别为0.0852、0.0978。结果表明,该法能有效识别变化区域、提高变化检测精度。此外,传统主动学习方法与改进标注策略的主动学习方法的学习曲线对比显示,改进的标注策略可在较低精度损失下,有效提高样本标注自动化程度。     

Investigating a reservoir bank slope displacement history with multi-frequency satellite SAR data

Slope instability arisen along with dam construction is a common problem of great concern in reservoir areas. Thus, displacement monitoring of active slopes is of great importance for the safety of dam operation. The unstable Guobu slope is located only about 1.5 km away from Laxiwa hydropower station in upstream Yellow River. In this study, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) datasets acquired by C-band Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR), L-band Advanced Land Observing Satellite 2 (ALOS-2) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar 2 (PALSAR-2), and X-band TerraSAR-X covering different evolution stages of Guobu slope were collected to investigate the displacement history so as to facilitate understanding of its deformation and failure mechanisms. The displacements occurred during the past decade were quantitatively identified for the first time by SAR pixel offset tracking analyses. The results show that before the reservoir impoundment, the maximum accumulative displacements on the slope were more than 7 m from 2003 to 2008, while the post-impoundment displacements also exceeded 7 m in just 1 year from September 2009 to September 2010. Furthermore, this slope is still in active deformation up to now. Nevertheless, the displacement rates seem decreased recently according to the interferometric results of TerraSAR-X data pairs from September 2015 to March 2016.     

皖南二叠纪海相暗色岩系成因及有机质富集模式

皖南二叠系已成为页岩气勘探的重要目标层位,暗色岩系的硅质来源长期存在争议,有机质富集堆积机理尚不清楚。本文通过皖南地区二叠纪海相栖霞组、孤峰组和大隆组暗色岩系的岩石学特征、古生物群落、沉积特征、有机质丰度和元素地球化学特征分析,探讨其沉积背景、硅质来源和有机质富集模式。研究表明：栖霞组硅质主要来源于热液;孤峰组硅质主要来源于生物和热液;大隆组硅质主要来源于生物和热液,少量来源于生物。二叠纪属热带—亚热带温暖潮湿气候,暗色岩系沉积于具缓慢沉积速率的厌氧—贫氧的100～300 m水体环境中,有机质含量高。栖霞组和孤峰组富有机质暗色岩系的形成除受控于局限滞留的缺氧环境外,还和海底热液活动提供生物繁盛的营养元素与矿物质和上升流的作用有较为密切的关系。大隆组富有机质暗色岩系的形成与长兴期多期火山喷发带入大量营养元素和微量元素,导致初级生产力提高,生物消亡—繁盛—再消亡—再繁盛—消亡,生烃母质快速堆积,且与缺氧环境密不可分。     

细菌浸铜技术在紫金山铜矿的应用

介绍了生物浸矿技术在紫金山铜矿的应用及在这一过程中发现的一些问题，并提出了有待进一步解决的一些问题。     

近45年华中地区不同级别强降水事件变化趋势

利用华中五省84个测站1961—2005年逐日降水资料,通过分位值法、趋势系数法、蒙特卡洛统计检验法、曼肯德尔法、小波分析等现代统计诊断方法,分析了华中地区不同级别强降水的时空变化趋势、突变和周期特征。结果表明:随着分位值减小,降水量、日数的平均值和均方差逐渐减小,变差系数逐渐增大;而强度的3项指标均逐渐增大;在空间分布上,降水量自河南向湖南和江西逐渐增大;日数自北向南逐渐增大;强度以湖北东部至江西北部的长江中下游一线以及湖南西北部局部地区为高值区;区域平均的降水量、日数和强度均呈增加趋势,但不同测站表现不同;降水量一致在1993年发生突变,呈增多趋势;日数在20世纪80年代末、90年代初发生突变;强度自1994年开始增强,21世纪后加强、减弱现象交替出现;降水量、日数和强度有12~14年的年代际变化和6~9年的短期变化。