青岛市地质资源环境承载能力评价关键技术与应用

通过了解青岛市地质资源分布特征和区域地质环境条件,从地质资源和地质环境2个方面科学合理选取评价因子,建立评价指标体系,开展青岛市地质资源环境承载能力评价。评价结果显示,青岛市地质资源相对较匮乏,地质资源环境承载能力整体以强和较强为主,地质资源环境承载能力较弱的地区主要分布在环胶州湾地区、东部崂山山区及西海岸新区的西南部,地质资源环境承载能力弱的地区主要分布在李沧区以北及周边。分别从生产生活空间、农业生产空间及生态环境空间等方面提出了青岛市地质资源环境优化配置建议,为青岛市地质资源合理利用与地质环境安全保障提供科学依据。评价结果能够为区域国土空间规划提供建议。     

浙江沿岸海域经济贝类中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的残留分布与污染评价

对2006年6月和2007年6月采集于浙江沿岸海域12个站位的5种经济贝类样品,采用气相色谱(GC)方法,进行了有机氯农药(HCHs和DDTs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)残留量的检测,分析了不同种类贝类中HCHs、DDTs和PCBs异构体组分特征,探讨了浙江沿岸海域HCHs、DDTs和PCBs残留分布状况、年际变化趋势和DDTs的来源,并与厦门岛东部等5个主要沿海海域进行了污染物残留量的比较。结果表明:(1)调查区各海域贝类中的HCHs、DDTs和PCBs残留量(湿质量)分别为:(ND~7.86)×10-9,(0.72~281.73)×10-9,(ND~97.95)×10-9;残留量(湿质量)平均值分别为:1.50×10-9,33.65×10-9,19.56×10-9。调查区各海域所有贝类中的HCHs残留量,均符合国家一类生物质量标准,DDTs残留量仅在四角蛤蜊中符合国家一类生物质量标准,在其余4种贝类中仅符合国家二类生物质量标准。DDTs残留量平均值明显高于HCHs和PCBs,因此可以将DDTs视为调查区各海域典型的有机氯污染物。(2)在HCHs和DDTs组分中,分别以-αHCH和P,P-′DDT占优势;在PCBs中,以含4~7个氯原子的PCB占主要优势,调查区部分海域有新的HCHs和DDTs污染源。(3)自2006年6月至2007年6月,HCHs和PCBs残留量总体呈下降趋势,而DDTs残留量则呈上升趋势,不同海域的有机氯残留量有较明显差异。DDTs的污染源与农业生产中三氯杀螨醇的使用有关。(4)与厦门岛东部等5个主要沿海地区相比,浙江沿岸海域经济贝类有机氯污染物中,HCHs残留量仍处于较低水平,DDTs残留量处于中等水平,PCBs残留量则处于较高水平。     

The improvement of the one-dimensional Mellor-Yamada and K-profile parameterization turbulence schemes with the non-breaking surface wave-induced verticalmixing

Both the level 2.5 Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure scheme(MY) and K-profile parameterization(KPP) are popularly used by the ocean modeling community.The MY and the KPP are improved through including the non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing(Bv),and the improved schemes were tested by using continuous data at the Papa ocean weather station(OWS) during 1961–1965.The numerical results showed that the Bv can make the temperature simulations fit much better with the continuous data from Papa Station.The two improved schemes overcame the shortcomings of predicting too shallow upper mixed layer depth and consequently overheated sea surface temperature during summertime,which are in fact common problems for all turbulence closure models.Statistical analysis showed that the Bv effectively reduced the mean absolute error and root mean square error of the upper layer temperature and increased the correlation coefficient between simulation and the observation.Furthermore,the performance of vertical mixing induced by shear instability and the Bv is also compared.Both the temperature structure and its seasonal cycle significantly improved by including the Bv,regardless of whether shear instability was included or not,especially for the KPP mixing scheme,which suggested that Bv played a dominant role in the upper ocean where the mean current was relatively weak,such as at Papa Station.These results may provide a clue to improve ocean circulation models.     

Unveiling controls of the latitudinal gradient of surface pCO2 in the Kuroshio Extension and its recirculation regions（northwestern North Pacific） in late spring

In the northwestern North Pacific, annual net air-sea CO₂ flux is greatest in the Kuroshio Extension（KE） zone,owing to its low annual mean partial pressure of CO₂（pCO₂）, and it decreases southward across the basin. To quantify the influences of factors controlling the latitudinal gradient in CO₂ uptake, sea surface pCO₂ and related parameters were investigated in late spring of 2018 in a study spanning the KE, Kuroshio Recirculation（KR）, and...     

Variability in the vertical hyporheic water exchange affected by hydraulic conductivity and river morphology at a natural confluent meander bend

River confluences and their associated tributaries are key morphodynamic nodes that play important roles in controlling hydraulic geometry and hyporheic water exchange in fluvial networks. However, the existing knowledge regarding hyporheic water exchange associated with river confluence morphology is relatively scarce. On January 14 and 15, 2016, the general hydraulic and morphological characteristics of the confluent meander bend (CMB) between the Juehe River and the Haohe River in the southern region of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China, were investigated. The patterns and magnitudes of vertical hyporheic water exchange (VHWE) were estimated based on a one‐dimensional heat steady‐state model, whereas the sediment vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_v) was calculated via in situ permeameter tests. The results demonstrated that 6 hydrodynamic zones and their extensions were observed at the CMB during the test period. These zones were likely controlled by the obtuse junction angle and low momentum flux ratio, influencing the sediment grain size distribution of the CMB. The VHWE patterns at the test site during the test period mostly showed upwelling flow dominated by regional groundwater discharging into the river. The occurrence of longitudinal downwelling and upwelling patterns along the meander bend at the CMB was likely subjected to the comprehensive influences of the local sinuosity of the meander bend and regional groundwater discharge and finally formed regional and local flow paths. Additionally, in dominated upwelling areas, the change in VHWE magnitudes was nearly consistent with that in K_v values, and higher values of both variables generally occurred in erosional zones near the thalweg paths of the CMB, which were mostly made up of sand and gravel. This was potentially caused by the erosional and depositional processes subjected to confluence morphology. Furthermore, lower K_v values observed in downwelling areas at the CMB were attributed to sediment clogging caused by local downwelling flow. The confluence morphology and sediment K_v are thus likely the driving factors that cause local variations in the VHWE of fluvial systems.     

Uniaxial compression and tension tests of anthracite and loading rate dependence of peak strength

The mechanical characteristics of coal under uniaxial compressive stress and uniaxial tensile stress are key factors in investigations of the stability of galleries and coal faces, and are vital considerations for the efficient design of coalmines, disaster prevention, and environmental preservation. These mechanical characteristics have long been a topic of research, but remain insufficiently understood. In this study we performed uniaxial compression tests and uniaxial tension tests on coal, with particular attention to two concerns. The first was to measure the loading rate dependence of the peak strength of coal. Coal shows high sample-to-sample scatter in strength; test methods that are successful in comparatively homogeneous rock types cannot be used for coal. We therefore used an alternative test method that was recently developed by the authors. Anthracite samples were subjected to alternating slow and fast strain rates. Measured variations in stress during this process were used to estimate the loading rate dependence of peak strength. The second objective was to obtain complete stress–strain curves for coal under uniaxial tensile stress. It is difficult to hold samples secure during a tensile test; consequently, such curves have yet to be obtained. This study presents a successful application of the authors' method to the analysis of coal samples, yielding a complete stress–strain curve under tensile stress. The two methods presented here hold promise for application not only to anthracite but also to a wide variety of coals. It is possible to derive the values of the constants used in constitutive equations from the obtained experimental results. Once these equations are determined, they can be incorporated into finite-element software to investigate various time-dependent behaviors of coal and aid in the efficient design of coalmines and the prevention of subsidence and mine disasters.     

Exploiting the dual functions of polymer depressants in fine particle flotation

Fine hydrophilic particles are known to be entrained with water in flotation of many ores. Flocculation of the hydrophilic particles by polymer depressants could potentially reduce the mechanical entrainment of these particles. This paper reports testwork completed on fine particles of several solids, iron oxide, hydroxyapatite and sphalerite, as well as on a relatively coarse quartz sample (− 75 + 38 μm). Dodecylamine was used as a collector for quartz, and several dispersants and polymer depressants, including sodium silicate, sodium metaphosphate, zinc sulfate, cornstarch, corn dextrin and carboxymethyl celluloses (with molecular weights of both 700,000 and 80,000) were used as flotation modifiers. The major part of the testwork involved flotation tests in a 200 mL flotation column. It was observed that flocculation of the fine hydrophilic particles significantly reduced their mechanical entrainment, while dispersion severely aggravated it. Thus, in the flotation separation of synthetic mixtures of the − 75 + 38 μm quartz and fine (reagent grade) iron oxide or hydroxyapatite, polymer depressants that caused flocculation performed better than those that did not cause flocculation.     

日喀则蛇绿岩研究中的几个问题

日喀则蛇绿岩是中国最著名的蛇绿岩,但是,许多问题存在争论,许多现象没有搞清楚。文中讨论了日喀则蛇绿岩中一些重要的现象以及对目前发现的许多矛盾如何考虑的问题。例如,(1)日喀则蛇绿岩中是否存在席状岩墙群?是否存在席状岩床群?本文认为,席状岩墙群应当是存在的,因为有不对称冷凝边出现。而席状岩床群可能是有问题的,岩床作为侵入体可以出现在许多地方,但是,蛇绿岩中不可能出现席状岩床群,尤其还把它作为蛇绿岩岩石组合的一个单元。笔者认为,所谓的席状岩床群可能是席状岩流群,它不是一个独立的单元,是玄武岩单元下部的成员。(2)日喀则蛇绿岩是否统统是蛇绿岩是一个需要考虑的问题,雅鲁藏布江东西两段出现的岩石组合及其产出背景与日喀则地区的蛇绿岩明显不同,其中有些可能未必是蛇绿岩。(3)自1972年彭罗斯会议以来,蛇绿岩研究发展到现在,可能已经进入了一个关键时期。文中回顾了蛇绿岩的定义及其构造意义,指出1972年彭罗斯会议关于蛇绿岩的定义仍然是适用的。蛇绿岩可以概括为洋壳+地幔,这个洋壳来自板块扩张脊,是年轻的;这个地幔是大洋岩石圈地幔,也可能保留有古老岩石圈地幔的印记。蛇绿岩产于板块扩张脊,这是蛇绿岩构造含义的唯一解,蛇绿岩不存在多解性。(4)日喀则蛇绿岩的许多基本观点主要是法国学者提出来的,如关于岩床群的见解,慢速扩张的见解等。但是,上述见解是否都是对的是需要思考的。日喀则蛇绿岩具有得天独厚的条件,我们应当很好利用这个条件,努力把我们的研究做好,为全球蛇绿岩研究贡献我们的一份力量。     

大洋岩石圈拆沉与大陆下地壳拆沉：不同的机制及意义——兼评“下地壳＋岩石圈地幔拆沉模式”

拆沉作用（delamination）是地球科学中一个重要的科学问题。本文认为,大洋岩石圈拆沉和大陆下地壳拆沉是不一样的：（1）拆沉的物质不同。大洋岩石圈拆沉的物质包括大洋地壳、岩石圈地幔甚至一部分软流圈地幔,它们共同进入地幔深部;而大陆下地壳拆沉仅仅限制在下地壳,不包括岩石圈地幔。（2）拆沉的动力不同。大洋岩石圈拆沉是由板块俯冲引起的,是地幔对流的产物,因此是一种快速的主动的拆沉;而下地壳拆沉是由于下地壳加厚使下地壳密度增加引起的,还要求其下刚性的岩石圈地幔转变成塑性的软流圈地幔才有可能发生。因此下地壳拆沉要克服许多阻力才能实现,使拆沉成为一个漫长的过程,是慢速的和被动的拆沉。（3）拆沉的过程不同,大洋岩石圈拆沉是由板块俯冲触发的,俯冲导致碰撞,大洋岩石圈从根部断裂,拆沉进入地幔。大陆下地壳拆沉由地壳加厚开始,使下地壳转变为榴辉岩相;随后,岩石圈地幔减薄,直至全部转化为软流圈地幔;下地壳发生部分熔融,形成大规模的（埃达克质）岩浆,使下地壳榴辉岩的密度大于下伏的地幔,从而引发拆沉。大陆下地壳拆沉不大可能是整体进行的,可能是一块一块地被蚕食,被拆沉的。（4）拆沉后的效液压不同,大洋岩石圈地幔拆沉,使热的软流罪状地幔上涌,从而引发了一系列地质效应;如岩浆活动,地壳抬升,构造松弛以及随后的造山带垮塌等。而下地壳拆沉只引起地壳减薄,高原和山脉垮塌,并不伴有大规模的岩浆活动和地壳抬升等过程。（5）拆沉与岩浆活动的关系不同,主动拆沉导致大规模岩浆活动,而被拆沉是在大规模岩浆活动的基础上开始的。此外,文中还对“下地壳＋岩石圈地幔拆沉”模式提出了质疑,认为该模式有许多难以理解的问题和太多推测的成分,而且与现在保存的地质事实不符。     

立井冻土掘进爆破技术的研究与应用

崩落爆破通常承担整个立井冻土掘进爆破40 %～60 %的破土量。宽孔距崩落爆破能够增加自由面的有效利用、增强自由面应力波的反射拉伸作用和消除或减小冻土中的应力降低区。在理论分析的基础上进行冻土爆破漏斗模型试验,综合考虑爆破漏斗体积和爆破后两炮眼间最大凸量,初步认为炮眼密集系数 =1.5左右时较为合理。结合立井崩落炮眼成圈弧形布置和冻土所受夹制作用相对较大的特点,建议应在此基础上适当降低立井冻土崩落爆破炮眼密集系数,这在进一步的工程实践中得到了验证。