GEO-REFERENCING WITHOUT GROUND CONTROL

A geo-reference is a global or regional geographical or geodetic coor-dinate system to which sensors or spatial object data are related.Hence,geo-ref-erencing is close to the well known photogrammetric concept of exterior or abso-lute orientation,the common execution of which is indirect,via the use of groundcontrol point.GPS and INS technologies have changed the situation,permittingdirect measurement of position and attitude parameters and making exterior orien-tation feasible without ground control at all,in principle.The analysis of accuracyand reliability performance discloses,however,that especially INS does not yetmeet the high demands of photogrammetry.Moreover,control of systematic er-rors,the problem of datum transformation,and reliability conditions make theuse of some ground control points still mandatory,at least for any high perfor-mance geo-referencing.     

The plutonism in the North Chilean Coast-Range and its geodynamic significance

Extended deep plutons of the Chilean Coast-Range can, according to their composition, age and spatial distribution, be assigned to the following three Superunits, each of which represents a closed magmatic cycle. Albayay-Superunit approximately 300-200 m. a. Cifuncho-Superunit approximately 190-130 m. a. Esmeralda-Superunit less than 130 m. a.Structurally we distinguished five large batholithic complexes, which are tectonically displaced along vertical fault-planes. The petrographie composition ranges from gabbronoritic through dioritic up to granitic rocks with predominance of granitoids.Methodical investigation led beyond the explanation of the origin of the magma, and opened the way for new geogynamic interpretations. We postulate a model of repeated crustal thickening caused by continental collision, which is opposed to the schematic plate-tectonics model.

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Zusammenfassung In der Küstenkordillere Nordchiles lassen sich ausgedehnte Tiefengesteinskörper nach Stoffbestand, Alter und rÄumlicher Verteilung folgenden drei Superunits zuordnen, die jeweils einem abgeschlossenen magmatischen Zyklus entsprechen. Albayay-Superunit ca. 300-200 m. a. Cifuncho-Superunit ca. 190-130 m. a. Esmeralda-Superunit jünger als 130 m. a.Strukturell haben wir fünf grö\ere, durch Tektonik entlang vertikaler Brüche zerlegte Baholith-Komplexe ausgeschieden. Die petrologische Zusammensetzung reicht von gabbro-noritischen über dioritische bis zu granitischen Gesteinen, wobei der Schwerpunkt bei den Granitoiden liegt.Die methodische Untersuchung führte über die KlÄrung der Magmengenese hinaus und eröffnete den Zugang zu neuen geodynamischen Vorstellungen. Wir postulieren ein Modell einer mehrphasigen Krustenverdickung durch kontinentale Kollision, das im Gegensatz zu dem schematischen Modell der Plattentektonik steht.

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Resumen En la Cordillera de la Costa del Norte de Chile existen extensos cuerpos intrusivos que se queden asignar, sobre la base de su composición, edad y distribución espacial, a las tres Superunidades siguientes, las que a su vez corresponden a ciclos magmáticos completos. Superunidad-Albayay approximadamente 300-200 m.a. Superunidad-Cifuncho approximadamente 190-130 m.a. Superunidad-Esmeralda más jóvenque 130 m.a.Estructuralmente hemos distinguido cinco complejos batoliticos mayores recortados por una tectónica de fallas verticales. La compositión petrográfica va desde rocas gabronoríticas hasta graníticas pasando por las dioríticas, con predominio de granitoides.El análisis metódico de los datos obtenidos orientado a la petrogénesis de estos cuerpos dió lugar a nuevas interpretaciones geodinámicas. Postulamos un modelo de fases sucesivas de acumulación cortical mediante colisión continental, el cual se opone al esquemático modelo de la Tectónica de Placas.

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, , : Albayay-Superunit ... 300-200 Cifuncho-Superunit ... 190-130 Esmeralda-Superunit ... 130 . 5 . - , , . y ; .

     

Effect of Sediment Motion Patterns on Sorption of Cadmium Ions by Sediment Particles

I.INTRODUCTIONThefateofmanytraceheavymetalsinnaturalwatersis,toalargeextent,controlledbysorptionprocessesandthedynamicsoftheparticlesthemselves.Thepotentialinfluencesofenvironmentalvariablessuchastemperature,CaZ+,Na+andCI--,dissolvedorganiccarbonandPHvaluesontraceheavymetalpartitioninghavebeenwidelyinvestigated.Forexample,StumnandMorgan(1981)suggestthattheextentofsorptionvariespositivelywithtemperature.Itfollowsthatdecreasedsorptionmightbeexpectedatlowtemperatures,e.g.duringwintermont…     

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Three Dimensional Waves in Water of Arbitrary Varying Topography

—The numerical simulation is based on the authors＇high-order models with a dissipative termfor nonlinear and dispersive wave in water of varying depth.Corresponding finite-difference equations andgeneral conditions for open and fixed natural boundaries with an arbitrary reflection coefficient and phaseshift are also given in this paper.The systematical tests of numerical simulation show that the theoreticalmodels,the finite-difference algorithms and the boundary conditions can give good calculation results forthe wave propagating in shallow and deep water with an arbitrary slope varying from gentle to steep.     

ON THE USE OF MOVABLE-BED MODELS FOR RIVER PROBLEMS:A STATE-OF-THE-ART

I. INTRODUCTIONMore than a decade ago, under tile auspices of DELFT HYDRAULICS an overview on the use ofmodels for river problems was given (de Vries & van der Zwaard. 1975). Since then a better understanding of morphological processes in rivers has been obtained, their mathematical formulation hasbeen improved and computer facilities have been expended. Scale models and mathematical models arein use. but their field of application is gradually changing. It seems that the better ma…     

Anomalies in measurements made with a Pollak-Nolan photo-electric nucleus counter

Summary The decay curves of storedAitken nuclei as measured with a photo-electric nucleus counter exhibit small non-random divergencies from the theoretical pattern for these curves. Investigations of these anomalies reveal that their origin is to be found in the counter itself. This is shown to be due to a gradual drying out of the counter, together with a possible cooling due to frequent use. Suggestions for the use of the counter which should eliminate these peculiarities in behaviour are put forward.

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Zusammenfassung Die mit einem photoelekrischen Kernzähler gemessenen Zerfallkurven gespeicherterAitken-Kerne lassen kleine überzufällige Abweichungen vom theoretischen Verlauf solcher Kurven erkennen. Die Untersuchung dieser Abweichungen führt zu der Feststellung, daß ihr Ursprung im Zähler selbst zu suchen ist, und zwar wird gezeigt, daß dies der allmählichen Austrocknung des Zählers zusammen mit einer möglichen Abkühlung infolge häufiger Benützung zuzuschreiben ist. Es werden Vorschläge gemacht, wie bei der Benützung des Zählers diese Störungen vermieden werden können.

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Résumé Les courbes de décomposition de noyaux d'Aitken conservés, courbes mesurées au moyen d'un compteur photoélectrique de noyaux, montrent de petites disparités dépassant la répartition normale d'avec celles déterminées théoriquement. L'étude de ces divergences conduit à la constatation qu'il faut en rechercher l'origine dans le compteur lui-même. On démontre ainsi que ces différences sont imputables à un désèchement progressif de l'appareil accompagné d'un refroidissement dû à un usage fréquent. On fait des propositions permettant d'éviter de tels défauts lors de l'usage d'un tel compteur de noyaux.

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With 6 Figures     

Discrete Element with Flexible Connector for Dynamic Analysis of 3-D Beam Structures

Combined multi-body dynamics with structural dynamics,a new discrete element with flexibleconnector,which is applicable for 3-D beam structures,is developed in this paper.Both the generalizedelastic coefficient matrix of the flexible connector and the mass matrix of discrete element may be off-diag-onal in a general case.The zero-length rigid element is introduced to simulate the node at which multiple el-ements are jointed together.It may also be effective when the axes of adjacent elements are not in the sameline.The examples for eigenvalue calculation show that the model is successful.It can be extended to thegeometric nonlinear response analysis.     

Buckling Propagation in Marine Pipelines

The buckling propagation in marine pipelines is studied by means of the cylindrical shell model in this paper. Several parameters including geometrical parameter D/ T, L/ D, physical parameter E and σy are discussed. The computed results are compared with the available experimental data and other computed results, it is found that the present results are closer to the experimental results than other computed results.     

Evalution of Application of p-y Curve Method in Offshore Engineering Foundation

- Based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure principle and Rankine's theory, the laterally loaded pile ultimate resistance formulas of sand and soft clay proposed by Reese and Matlock respectively are discussed in this paper. The authors put forward the modified ultimate resistance formulas on the basis of which the ultimate resistance formula is developed for horizontally loaded pile in multi-layer soil in consideration of the effect of the overburden soil pressure on the calculation of soil layer. It is significant to the correct application of the ultimate resistance formulas in API and ZCS Rules into offshore engineering.     

Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Lagerstätten dichten Magnesits. I. Mitteilung. Der Tremolitdunit Yom Galgenberg bei Zobten

Ohne ZusammenfassungAbgeschlossen iiim Juni 1947.