四维变分资料同化在风暴潮模拟中的平流作用分析

利用基于三维斜压非线性的普林斯顿海洋模型(POM)及其切向线性伴随模式的四维变分数据同化(4DVAR)系统对一个近岸风暴潮个例进行理想同化试验和模拟,着重分析了四维变分数据同化增水改善中的二维平流作用。试验结果表明,同化后的水位结果明显优于同化前的结果,而且同化对预报的影响主要在前5h,尤其是积分到3—4h时同化和无同化的结果差异最大,在5h后同化的影响变得非常小。从平流作用中分析得知,无论是只同化水位还是同化水位和海表流速,同化的结果都增大了沿岸和向岸的平流。与无同化结果相比,同化试验的增水改善主要是来自向岸平流的增大,但只同化水位时由于水位增大使向岸压力梯度减小从而阻碍了向岸流的进一步增大;而同时同化水位和海表流速时,由于流速也被改善,故增水改善更明显和合理。     

WAVEWATCH Ⅲ和SWAN模式在南海北部海域海浪模拟结果的对比分析

基于1987年9月到1988年8月期间南海北部的一个浮标资料,首先分析了美国环境预报中心(NCEP)和国家大气研究中心(NCAR)联合推出的再分析风场在南海北部海域的适用性,结果表明NCEP/NCAR再分析风场在一定程度上与浮标观测结果相一致。然后利用NCEP/NCAR再分析风场作为海浪模式输入场,评估了WAVEWATCHⅢ(WW3)和Simulating Waves Nearshore(SWAN)这2个海浪模式在南海北部海域模拟海浪的能力,结果表明在季风和季风转换期间,WW3模式和SWAN模式对有效波高的模拟能力几乎一致。在季风期间,WW3模式对平均波周期的模拟能力优于SWAN模式;而在季风转换时期,SWAN模式模拟平均波周期的能力较好。此外,还利用WW3模拟结果分析了南海北部海域海浪的空间分布特征,分析结果表明有效波高受季风影响呈显著的季节变化,平均波周期呈现相对显著的半年变化。     

基于HHT的吕宋岛西北海域叶绿素浓度及相关环境物理要素的多时间尺度分析

利用基于集合经验模态分解(EEMD)方法而改进的Hilbert-Huang变换(HHT)方法,分析了吕宋岛西北海域从1997年9月至2009年7月近12年的月平均遥感叶绿素浓度观测序列以及相关环境物理要素时间序列,分离出各要素的特征振荡模态(IMFs);在此基础上以叶绿素与相关要素间具有相同或相近频率的IMF对偶之间相位差余弦值的方差为指标,探讨了该海域叶绿素浓度与环境场之间的联系。结果表明:1)海区各研究变量都具有明显的季节和年际振荡特征,叶绿素准年周期模态方差贡献达81%,年际变化中准两年振荡是海区诸要素共同的波动类型,此外叶绿素浓度还具有4年左右周期的振荡。2)除埃克曼抽吸速度在准年周期振荡上与叶绿素浓度显著正相关、Nio3区海表温度在准两年周期上有弱的正相关关系外,其余要素均与叶绿素浓度在不同时间尺度上呈负相关关系。这些结果说明HHT是气候序列多时间尺度分析中的一种有力工具。     

卫星高度计资料揭示的冬季南海吕宋冷涡的双涡结构

吕宋冷涡是南海海洋环流系中最重要的涡旋之一。利用卫星高度计资料时空较高分辨率的优势,发现冬季吕宋冷涡有可能是由2个气旋式涡旋所组成的,一个气旋式涡旋位于吕宋岛的西侧(LCE1),另一个位于吕宋岛的西北(LCE2)。利用相关分析、功率谱分析等,估计了局地风应力和黑潮在形成吕宋冷涡过程中各自的贡献。研究结果表明,LCE1只存在于冬季,与吕宋岛西侧局地的风应力旋度有关;LCE2位于进入吕宋海峡的黑潮的西侧,全年存在,可能是由黑潮所诱生的气旋式涡旋,其变化主要周期为季节内振荡。     

WEIGHTED ANALYSIS OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS: TWO APPROXIMATIONS TO STATISTICAL WEIGHTS

Two approximate methods for weighted principal components analysis (WPCA) were devised and testedin numerical experiments using either empirical variances (obtained from replicated data) or assumedvariances (derived from unreplicated data). In the first ('spherical') approximation each data vector wasassigned a weight proportional to the geometrical mean of its variances in all dimensions. Thearithmetical mean of variances was used instead in the other approximation. Both the numericalexperiments with artificial data containing random errors of various kinds (constant, proportional,constant plus proportional, Poisson) and the analysis of two sets of Raman spectra clearly indicated thenecessity of introducing statistical weights. The spherical approximation was found to be slightly betterthan the arithmetical one. The application of statistical weighting was found to improve the performanceof PCA in estimation problems.     

黄土地层中真菌孢子的发现及古环境意义

通过对我国各地１３０余块表层土壤样品的分析，发现了多种类型的真菌孢子，其中有一类大孢子（大小１００－３５０μｍ，外壁厚５－１０μｍ以上）与在黄土地层及红粘土层中发现的带尾的微球粒形态是一致的，进一步研究认为这种微球粒实际上是一类分布在我国北方干旱、半干旱草原区的真菌大孢子。这一发现对于恢复黄土地层及红粘土层沉积环境的演化有一定意义。     

不同无机氮浓度下中肋骨条藻和三角褐指藻生长对生长环境pH的影响

海洋酸化是当前一个严重的环境问题,而海水pH的变化与微藻生长时对溶解无机碳的吸收有关。在室内条件下采用生理生态学方法,研究中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum和三角褐指藻Phaeodactylum tricornutum在不同无机氮水平下生长到最大生物量时培养液pH的变化。结果表明,培养液无机氮浓度从10μmol.L-1上升到200μmol.L-1过程中,2种微藻的叶绿素浓度和最终pH均呈上升趋势。培养液pH的增加量与无机氮的消耗量呈正相关关系,培养液pH的增加量与溶解无机碳的消耗量也呈正相关关系。     

Analytical estimation of mixing coefficient induced by surface wave-generated turbulence based on the equilibrium solution of the second-order turbulence closure model

Based on the equations of motion and the assumption that ocean turbulence is of isotropy or quasi-isotropy, we derived the closure equations of the second-order moments and the variation equations for characteristic quantities, which describe the mechanisms of advection transport and shear instability by the sum of wave-like and eddy-like motions and circulation. Given that ocean turbulence generated by wave breaking is dominant at the ocean surface, we presented the boundary conditions of the turbulence kinetic energy and its dissipation rate, which are determined by energy loss from wave breaking and entrainment depth respectively. According to the equilibrium solution of the variation equations and available data of the dissipation rate, we obtained an analytical estimation of the characteristic quantities of surface-wave-generated turbulence in the upper ocean and its related mixing coefficient. The derived kinetic dissipation rate was validated by field measurements qualitatively and quantitatively, and the mixing coefficient had fairly good consistency with previous results based on the Prandtl mixing length theory.     

Vertical properties of nutrients and oxygen under tempeuature-salinity structure of the Bering Basin in July 1999

The China R/V Xuelong went on the first Arctic scientific cruise, and we obtained 271 hydro-chemical samples from 22 deep-sea stations in the Bering Basin in late July, 1999. Here we describe vertical properties of silicate [Si] , dissolved inorganic nitrogen [DIN] or [N] (nitrate plus ammonium plus nitrite) , phosphate [P] and oxygen [ O2 ] in seawater under potential temperature-salinity structure. The seasonal stratification in the summer and the water exchanges of the North Pacific Ocean over the Bering Basin resulted in that the four layers of vertical structure with two thermoclines may be found. Vertical [Si] and [N] and [P] profiles show that the nutrients are consumed mainly in ≤50 m and the order of deficient nutrients is [Si] the first, [N] the second and [P] the third. The [N] and [P] increase with depth downward to about 500 m and then both decrease, but the [Si] increases from 150 m to 2000 m or the bottom. In ≥ 150 m the [ O2 ] decreases, which is related with both [P] and [N] increasin     

Research on the Interannual Variability of the Great Whirl and the Related Mechanisms

Based on AVISO(archiving, validation and interpretation of satellite data in oceanography) data from 1993 to 2010, Quik SCAT(Quick Scatterometer) data from 2000 to 2008, and Argo data from 2003 to 2008, the interannual variability of the Great Whirl(GW) and related mechanisms are studied. It shows that the origin and termination times of the GW, as well as its location and intensity, have significant interannual variability. The GW appeared earliest(latest) in 2004(2008) and vanished earliest(latest) in 2006(2001), with the shortest(longest) duration in 2008(2001). Its center was most southward(northward) in 2007(1995), while the minimum(maximum) amplitude and area occurred in 2003 and 2002(1997 and 2007), respectively. The GW was weaker and disappeared earlier with its location tending to be in the southwest in 2003, while in 2005 it was stronger, vanished later and tended to be in northeast. The abnormal years were often not the same among different characters of the GW, and were not all coincident with ENSO(El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation) or IOD(Indian Ocean Dipole) events, indicating the very complex nature of GW variations. Mechanism investigations shows that the interannual variability of intraseasonal wind stress curl in GW region results in that of the GW. The generation of the GW is coincident with the arrival of Rossby waves at the Somali coast in spring; the intensity of the GW is also influenced by Rossby waves. The termination of the GW corresponds well to the second one of the top two peaks in the baroclinic energy conversion rate in GW region, and the intensity and the position of the GW are also closely related to the top two baroclinic energy conversion rates.