Risk Assessment of Coal Floor Water Inrush from Underlying Aquifers Based on GRA–AHP and Its Application

Ground water inrush from underlying coal seam aquifers is a serious geohazard during coal mining in China. In order to effectively predict coal floor water inrush, the evaluation index system and evaluation standard for coal floor water inrush, containing quantitative indexes and qualitative indexes, is established on the base of conditions of aquifer and aquiclude, geologic structure and mining disturbance. Simultaneously, grey relational analysis and analytic hierarchy process are used to establish an evaluation model which efficiently overcomes the uncertainty between indexes of water inrush effects and really reflects the degree of importance for each index of water inrush effects. The model is applied to the typical working face of Yuzhou coalfield in the north of China to demonstrate the evaluation process. Compared to the water inrush coefficient method which is widely used for evaluating coal floor water inrush, the presented evaluation model in this paper accords more with the susceptibility of coal floor water inrush by multi-factor and is of nonlinear dynamic characteristics of highly complicated formation mechanism. This method offers a new tool in the assessment of ground water inrush in mine.     

进积型三角洲交汇区沉积模式--以东营凹陷沙三中亚段为例

作为碎屑岩储层发育的最主要沉积相类型之一,进积型三角洲在油气勘探领域具有举足轻重的地位;加强对进积型三角洲沉积模式的研究,对于油气储层预测具有重要现实意义。渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近纪湖盆内发育的东营三角洲和永安三角洲在沙河街组三段中亚段沉积期发生了交汇,而有关两个三角洲的交汇方式、沉积特征及交汇区储层的预测尚未引起足够的重视。以岩芯观测、录井和地震资料为基础,分析了东营凹陷古近系沙三段中亚段三角洲交汇区沉积特征,探讨了沉积期次、交汇过程,建立了三角洲交汇区沉积模式。研究表明,东营凹陷沙河街组三段中亚段主要发育湖泊、进积型三角洲沉积;储集砂体主要形成于三角洲前缘水下分流河道,河口坝微相次之,浊积岩主要分布于深湖区。认为此前界定的东营三角洲的分布范围可能被夸大,而永安三角洲的沉积规模可能被低估。东营凹陷古近系沙三中亚段可划分为9个期次,其作用过程可分为局部交汇阶段和完全交汇阶段。三角洲水下交汇区是水流汇聚和沉积物卸载的有利场所,叠置砂体可成为有利的油气储层,因而具有重要的油气勘探价值。     

冀北中低级变质表壳岩的年代学特征及其对华北克拉通构造演化的约束

华北克拉通在新太古代末期发生克拉通化,形成了现今规模的古陆,大量的太古宙岩石均经历了~2500Ma左右的区域高级变质作用(高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相)。而华北克拉通北部冀北地区出露一套中低级变质(绿片岩相-角闪岩相)的火山-沉积岩系,主要包括胡麻营地区红旗营子表壳岩和大阴山地区单塔子表壳岩中变质程度较低的部分。胡麻营地区红旗营子表壳岩系主要岩石组合为变基性火山岩、绿帘角闪岩、斜长角闪岩、含石榴石斜长角闪岩、角闪斜长片麻岩、黑云斜长片麻岩、黑云角闪斜长片麻岩、黑云二长片麻岩、石英片岩、磁铁石英岩等,SIMS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明斜长角闪岩形成于2486±18Ma(MSWD=1.4),而黑云斜长片麻岩形成于2507±37Ma(MSWD=2.0)。大阴山地区单塔子中低级变质表壳岩系主要由浅变质火山岩、云母石英片岩、斜长角闪岩、磁铁石英岩和大理岩等组成,SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,浅变质火山岩中的变玄武岩形成于2490±19Ma(MSWD=2.0),而变英安岩形成于2502±8Ma(MSWD=0.83)。因此,冀北中低级变质的表壳岩系主要形成于新太古代末期,形成年龄为2507~2486Ma;结合冀东青龙地区新太古代末期(2511~2503Ma)的浅变质火山-沉积岩系(青龙表壳岩),我们认为新太古代末期,中低级变质表壳岩系广泛分布于华北克拉通的核部和边缘地区,此套岩系覆盖在太古宙高级变质杂岩之上,代表华北克拉通化之后的稳定盖层,是克拉通化的主要标志之一。     

委内瑞拉奥里诺科重油带沉积特征

委内瑞拉奥里诺科重油带是世界上储量最大、开发程度最低的重油富集带。目前对油区主力储层的沉积特征及其演化规律认识并不明确。基于钻井岩心、测井、地震及生物化石等资料,结合盆地构造演化、构造特征、地层特征等因素的分析,重点研究了重油带主力储层的沉积演化特征。结果表明:重油带渐新统-中新统主力储层内主要发育12种岩相和6种岩相组合,其中以河流相岩相组合为主;地层由下到上可以划分出3个完整的海进海退沉积旋回(5个沉积单元);在探讨重油带主力储层沉积砂体平面演化规律的基础之上,建立了受河流控制、潮汐和沿岸流共同影响作用下形成的三角洲沉积模式,以期对类似油气聚集区的勘探、开发有所帮助。     

断层EDF技术在复杂断块构造研究中的应用

复杂断块构造具有断层复杂,小断层广泛发育,断层识别难度大,储层分布及连通性复杂,地震成像不清、资料品质较差等特征。对于此类问题,常规地震资料无法满足断层解释精度要求。提出了一种新的断层EDF解释性处理技术,将地震资料处理与解释融为一体,以提高资料的信噪比和断层的识别能力。断层EDF解释性处理技术是利用扩散滤波和中值倾角滤波相结合的断层增强滤波方法来提高资料的信噪比,突出断层和地层的接触关系,再在滤波后的地震资料数据体上进行分频处理,选择最佳成像频带,突出识别不同规模的断层。通过在涠洲A油田的应用,取得了良好的效果。     

底水油层水平井产液剖面均衡性评价

胜利油田开采底水特征高含水油层的水平井数量多,其中油层向水平井非均衡供液现象普遍。为评价此类水平井产液剖面均衡性,量化其生产动态改善潜力,定义了产液剖面基尼系数GN,并结合现场案例介绍其计算方法,随后统计胜利油田60口样本井,分析GN对见水时间tRL和底水突破前累积产油量QRL的影响,最后据此对GN分级。计算和分析结果表明:GN可以整体表征实际非均衡产液剖面偏离理想均衡产液剖面的程度,通常取值0~1之间,数值越大,均衡性越差;划分GN0.1为产液剖面不均衡,其样本井数54口,占比90%,以理想均衡产液状态为基准,tRL和QRL分别至少有100%和69.5%的提升潜力。     

斯维尔德鲁普盆地天然气水合物成藏条件及分布预测

斯维尔德鲁普盆地是北极地区最重要的含油气盆地之一,研究者普遍认为这一地区可能具有良好的水合物资源潜力,已有的钻井勘探成果也显示了大量天然气水合物存在的迹象;目前国内对北极地区油气的研究尚处于起步阶段,对斯维尔德鲁普盆地也缺乏系统的认识。结合测井资料解释及国内外理论研究成果,介绍了斯维尔德鲁普盆地的油气地质背景,综合分析了盆内水合物成藏的气源条件、温压条件、构造条件和沉积条件,对水合物的分布范围做出了预测并初步估算了盆内水合物所含天然气的资源量。结果表明,斯维尔德鲁普盆地较好地满足了天然气水合物的成藏条件,盆内主要有3个水合物勘探远景区,资源潜力巨大。这一结论对未来在北极地区进行的油气勘探具有重要的参考价值。     

航空重力仪减振系统振动研究

航空重力减振系统是有效减弱机载环境下高频振动的主要途径,从而提高航空重力的测量精度。因此,设计减振系统的首要问题是设定其合理的刚度、阻尼和质量等重要的特性参数。笔者通过建立航空重力仪两种减振系统类型运动微分方程,经过理论和实例探讨了减振系统模型,旨在深入了解航空重力减振系统的减振规律,为其特性参数设计提供理论依据。     

Fractionation characteristics of rare earth elements (REEs) linked with secondary Fe,Mn, and Al minerals in soils

Soil secondary minerals are important scavengers of rare earth elements (REEs) in soils and thus affect geochemical behavior and occurrence of REEs. The fractionation of REEs is a common geochemical phenomenon in soils but has received little attention, especially fractionation induced by secondary minerals. In this study, REEs (La to Lu and Y) associated with soil-abundant secondary minerals Fe-, Al-, and Mn-oxides in 196 soil samples were investigated to explore the fractionation and anomalies of REEs related to the minerals. The results show right-inclined chondrite-normalized REE patterns for La–Lu in soils subjected to total soil digestion and partial soil extraction. Light REEs (LREEs) enrichment features were negatively correlated with a Eu anomaly and positively correlated with a Ce anomaly. The fractionation between LREEs and heavy REEs (HREEs) was attributed to the high adsorption affinity of LREEs to secondary minerals and the preferred activation/leaching of HREEs. The substantial fractions of REEs in soils extracted by oxalate and Dithionite-Citrate-Bicarbonate buffer solutions were labile (10 %–30 %), which were similar to the mass fraction of Fe (10 %–20 %). Furthermore, Eu was found to be more mobile than the other REEs in the soils, whereas Ce was less mobile. These results add to our understanding of the distribution and geochemical behavior of REEs in soils, and also help to deduce the conditions of soil formation from REE fractionation.