岩石红外比辐射率简易测定方法及意义

利用地表辐射 (亮温 )求取地面温度需要通过岩石比辐射率进行换算。地球上的岩石千差万别 ,即使岩石学上分类一致的岩石 ,比辐射率也可以显著不同 ,需要大量的比辐射率时 ,现有测量方法显得过于复杂或环境要求过高 ,发展简便的比辐射率测量方法十分必要。实际上 ,在室温情况下 ,比辐射率为常数 ,可以通过测量一系列的温度和相应的辐射值 ,仪器本身的辐射和环境辐射可直接当作未知量参加反演 ,最终利用最小二乘法拟合获得比辐射率 ,大大降低了测量的难度。文中测量了1 6种岩石标本的比辐射率 ,方差一般保持在 0 .0 1左右 ,大多数 <0 .0 1 ;线性拟合的相关系数均 >0 99     

中国地表亮度温度年变基准场

欲从热红外辐射中找到构造活动与地震活动的信息 ,需要考虑 2个基本问题 ,即大气的影响和地表热红外辐射的稳定场。通过以下方面的工作尝试对上述问题进行了研究 :1 )提出了地表亮度温度及年变基准场的概念。 2 )利用NOAA卫星 2 0年的观测资料 ,文中在获得地表亮温 (LSBT)的基础上 ,借用分离窗方法和小波分析方法 ,提取了中国地表亮温的年变基准场 ,为进一步分析异常场打下了基础。计算表明 ,大气的影响一般在± 1 0K范围内     

地表岩石变形引起热红外辐射的实验研究

对地表常见的 5种岩石样品和应力变温特性进行了详细研究。实验结果与理论分析表明 ,岩石弹性变形的压力温度关系均表现为加压升温 ,减压降温 ,同经典热力学理论完全一致。在常温常压的地表环境下 ,开放观测系统记录到的岩石材料弹性变形所引起的最高温升在 0 .2K左右 ,升温率一般在 3mK/MPa左右。破裂或摩擦瞬间岩石有显著升温 ,温度变化量从几至十几摄氏度不等。弹性变形导致的温度变化量极其微小 ,不但远远小于气候影响的幅度 ,而且超出了卫星红外的直接探测能力。因此 ,需要探索新的红外图像分析方法 ,考察其它的热异常物理机制     

不同阻尼体系地震能量输入及阻尼能量耗散计算分析

本文给出了复阻尼体系地震能量输入及阻尼能量耗散计算公式。利用天津、E1Centro、迁安记录及Mexico地震Cale记录计算了复阻尼及粘性阻尼体系的地震能量输入及阻尼能量耗散,并绘制了相应的时程曲线。计算所用阻尼比取0．1及0．05,周期分别取0．3s,0．5s,1s,1．5s及5s。通过计算我们观察到,除迁安记录外,在其它几个地震作用下,对固有周期小于1s的短周期结构,复阻尼体系能量输入及阻尼能量耗散时程曲线值高于相应的粘性阻尼体系(对迁安记录固有周期需小于0．5s)。对中周期结构,两组曲线相近,对于长周期结构,复阻尼体系的能量时程曲线值低于相应的粘性阻尼体系值。对于每个地震记录,有一个临界值,体系的固有周期小于此值时,不同阻尼模型的能量输入、阻尼能量耗散时程曲线值无大差异,当周期大于此值时,不同阻尼模型的能量输入及阻尼能量耗散时程曲线差异较大。复阻尼体系对周期的敏感程度远大于粘性阻尼体系。当周期不变,阻尼比增大时,在峰值点之后,复阻尼体系能量时程曲线基本无大的变化,粘性阻尼体系能量时程曲线有抬高趋势。     

濮阳地区土壤(断层)气特征研究

在地震地球化学前兆观测中,土壤(断层)气观测越来越受到重视。开展了利用水氡、水质、气体观测仪器设备进行土壤(断层)气的实验观测。对濮阳地区土壤(断层)气特征进行了研究。     

Modeling rainfall interception loss by two xerophytic shrubs in the Loess Plateau

Rainfall interception loss plays an important role in ecohydrological processes in dryland shrub ecosystems, but its drivers still remain poorly understood. In this study, a statistical model was developed to simulate interception loss based on the mass balance measurements arising from the partitioning of rainfall in 2 dominant xerophytic shrub (Hippophae rhamnoides and Spiraea pubescens) communities in the Loess Plateau. We measured throughfall and stemflow in the field under natural rainfall, calculated the canopy storage capacity in the laboratory, and identified key factors controlling these components for the 2 shrubs. We quantified and scaled up the stemflow and the canopy storage capacity measurements from the branches and/or leaves to stand level. The average interception loss, throughfall, and stemflow fluxes account for 24.9%, 72.2%, and 2.9% of the gross rainfall for H. rhamnoides, and 19.2%, 70.7%, and 10.1% for S. pubescens, respectively. Throughfall increased with increasing rainfall for both shrubs; however, it was only correlated with the leaf area index for S. pubescens. For stemflow measured from individual branches, we found that the rainfall amount and basal diameter are the best predictors for H. rhamnoides, whereas rainfall amount and branch biomass appear to be the best predictors for S. pubescens. At the stand level, stemflow production is affected by the rainfall amount for H. rhamnoides, and it is affected by both the rainfall amount and the leaf area index for S. pubescens. The canopy storage capacity of H. rhamnoides (1.07–1.28 mm) was larger than S. pubescens (0.88–1.07 mm), and it is mainly determined by the branches and stems of H. rhamnoides and the leaves of S. pubescens. The differences in interception loss between the 2 shrub stands are mainly attributed to different canopy structures that induced differences in stemflow production and canopy storage. We evaluated the effects of canopy structure on rainfall interception loss, and our developed model provides a better understanding of the effects of the canopy structure on the water cycles in dryland shrub ecosystems.     

Effects of spatial aggregation of soil spatial information on watershed hydrological modelling

Many researchers have examined the impact of detailed soil spatial information on hydrological modelling due to the fact that such information serves as important input to hydrological modelling, yet is difficult and expensive to obtain. Most research has focused on the effects at single scales; however, the effects in the context of spatial aggregation across different scales are largely missing. This paper examines such effects by comparing the simulated runoffs across scales from watershed models based on two different levels of soil spatial information: the 10‐m‐resolution soil data derived from the Soil‐Land Inference Model (SoLIM) and the 1:24000 scale Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database in the United States. The study was conducted at three different spatial scales: two at different watershed size levels (referred to as full watershed and sub‐basin, respectively) and one at the model minimum simulation unit level. A fully distributed hydrologic model (WetSpa) and a semi‐distributed model (SWAT) were used to assess the effects. The results show that at the minimum simulation unit level the differences in simulated runoff are large, but the differences gradually decrease as the spatial scale of the simulation units increases. For sub‐basins larger than 10 km² in the study area, stream flows simulated by spatially detailed SoLIM soil data do not significantly vary from those by SSURGO. The effects of spatial scale are shown to correlate with aggregation effect of the watershed routing process. The unique findings of this paper provide an important and unified perspective on the different views reported in the literature concerning how spatial detail of soil data affects watershed modelling. Different views result from different scales at which those studies were conducted. In addition, the findings offer a potentially useful basis for selecting details of soil spatial information appropriate for watershed modelling at a given scale. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同路面条件下地震映像勘探效果的对比研究

讨论了地震映像勘探的主要特点,用实例分析了土质路面、沥青路面等不同介质条件下的勘探效果,明确了这一勘探方法的适用条件.     

藏北双湖胜利河晚侏罗世索瓦组油页岩及石膏的沉积环境及意义

在藏北羌塘坳陷地区晚侏罗世晚期地层中发现石膏及油页岩,对石膏、油页岩及相应的岩石组合基本特征进行了详细观察描述,并采集了大量油页岩、孢粉及双壳类化石样品.结合区域地质及产出石膏及油页岩地层的沉积学特征简要分析,认为北羌塘坳陷胜利地区晚侏罗世时期具有多次海进、海退,从而形成潮坪、泻湖相环境间歇性沉积,而古气候的变化是导致...