Residential preferences in the city of Warsaw,Poland

Warsaw was heavily damaged during World War II. Post-War socialist reconstruction emphasized public multi-family housing. A 1987 survey revealed that about one-third of Warsaw residents lived in single-family units, though most expressed their preferences to live in single family houses free from noise pollution and in an aesthetically acceptable environment. In two areas, the CBD and the Praga North, a large proportion of residents preferred to live in existing multi-family units, though such preference was much greater among the blue collar workers than white collar.     

Mineralogy and geothermometry of high-temperature rhyolites from the central and western Snake River Plain

Voluminous mid-Miocene rhyolitic ash-flow tuffs and lava flows are exposed along the northern and southern margins of the central and western Snake River Plain. These rhyolites are essentially anhydrous with the general mineral assemblage of plagioclase ±sanidine ± quartz + augite + pigeonite ± hypersthene ± fayalitic olivine + Fe-Ti oxides + apatite + zircon which provides an opportunity to compare feldspar, pyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxide equilibration temperatures for the same rocks. Estimated pyroxene equilibration temperatures (based on the geothermometers of Lindsley and coworkers) range from 850 to 1000°C, and these are well correlated with whole-rock compositions. With the exception of one sample, agreement between the two-pyroxene thermometers tested is well within 50°C. Fe-Ti oxide geothermometers applied to fresh magnetite and ilmenite generally yield temperatures about 50 to 100°C lower than the pyroxene temperatures, and erratic results are obtained if these minerals exhibit effects of subsolidus oxidation and exsolution. Results of feldspar thermometry are more complicated, and reflect uncertainties in the thermometer calibrations as well as in the degree of attainment of equilibrium between plagioclase and sanidine. In general, temperatures obtained using the Ghiorso (1984) and Green and Usdansky (1986) feldspar thermometers agree with the pyroxene temperatures within the respective uncertainties. However, uncertainties in the feldspar temperatures are the larger of the two (and exceed ±60°C for many samples). The feldspar thermometer of Fuhrman and Lindsley (1988) produces systematically lower temperatures for many of the samples studied. The estimated pyroxene temperatures are considered most representative of actual magmatic temperatures for these rhyolites. This range of temperatures is significantly higher than those for rhyolites from many other suites, and is consistent with the hypothesis that the Snake River Plain rhyolitic magmas formed by partial fusion of relatively dry (e.g. granulitic) crustal lithologies.     

Acute toxicity of the water-soluble fraction of Cook Inlet crude oil to the Manila clam

Recognition of the inherent complexities of oil bioassays prompted the development of several apparatuses designed to deliver uniform solutions of the water-soluble components of crude oil and capable of system equilibration for both static and continuous-flow bioassays without the loss of the more volatile compounds and without the formation of emulsions. Clams from a relatively contaminated area exhibited greater resistance to the water-soluble fraction of Cook Inlet crude oil than specimens from a more pristine area. Behaviour was altered below lethal levels suggesting the possibility of using behavioural modifications as a concommitant criterion of toxicity with mortality. An increase in mortality with a longer exposure period and a significant rate of latent mortalities following the end of the 96-h exposure period suggest that future bioassays with bivalves should be determined over a longer exposure period.     

Variations of carbon dioxide,air temperature,and horizontal wind within and above a maize crop

The mean and short-term fluctuations of carbon dioxide concentration, air temperature, and horizontal wind speed were measured simultaneously within and above a maize crop. Although fluctuations were large at each of the 10 measurement heights, the largest were at the 180-cm level, the densest part of the crop. These short-term fluctuations indicated the broad range of environmental conditions to which plants are exposed (and which plants create or modify) in the field. The statistics of the distributions of these meteorological elements are discussed and the deviations from steady-state conditions are examined by determining linear trends. Finally, variance spectra showed the periodicity of the variations of these meteorological elements.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture in cooperation with N.Y. State College of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, No. 1205. CBRI Contribution No. 966.     

Application of new thermodynamic data to grossular phase relations

Recent low temperature, adiabatic calorimetric heat capacity measurements for grossular have been combined with DSC measurements to give entropies up to 1000 K. In conjunction with enthalpy of solution values for grossular, these data have yielded H _f ^o (298.15K) and G _f ^o (298.15K) values of –1583.2 ± 3.5 and –1496.74 ± 3.7 kcal mol^–1 respectively. For 15 reactions in the CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O system, thermodynamically calculated P-T curves have been compared with experimental reversals and have shown good agreement in most cases. Calculations indicate that gehlenite is probably totally disordered. Estimates of zoisite and lawsonite entropies are consistent with the phase equilibrium and grossular data, but estimates of the entropies of pyrope and andradite show large discrepancies when compared with experimental reversals.Contribution no. 600 from the Mineralogical Laboratory, The Department of Geology and Mineralogy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA     

Simultaneous determinations of the sensible and latent heat transfer coefficients for tree leaves

The heat and mass transfer coefficients for exchange across the fluid dynamic boundary layer over tree leaves were simultaneously determined in a controlled environment chamber. The mass transfer coefficients were calculated from measured values of evaporation, air specific humidity and a value of leaf specific humidity at leaf temperature. The heat transfer coefficients were calculated from measured values of air temperature, leaf temperature and an estimate of the sensible heat flux density calculated as the measured net radiation at the leaf surfaces minus the latent heat flux density. The experiments described in this paper indicate that the equations based on laminar boundary-layer theory can give reasonable estimates of the transfer coefficients of real tree leaves for the velocities most commonly experienced in plant canopies, if they are adjusted by a constant multiplier greater than one. Calculations of local mass transfer coefficients based on temperature measurements at three locations at different distances from the leading edge of the leaves, indicate that the deviation from theory is probably the result of transition to turbulent boundary-layer flow at some distance from the leading edge.     

Rare earth elements in carbonatite and cogenetic alkaline rocks: Examples from Seabrook Lake and Callander Bay,Ontario

Associated rocks from the Seabrook Lake, carbonatite complex in Ontario show an increase in total REE (rare earth element) content and in light REE enrichment in the following order: fenite quartz monzohite 2 and H₂O-rich fluids.