石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定味精中痕量铅的不确定度评定

以石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定味精中痕量铅为例,对测定结果的不确定度来源进行分析,对测定过程的主要不确定度分量进行合理评定,包括称量不确定度、体积不确定度、曲线拟合不确定度及测量重复性引入的不确定度。评估了铅含量的合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。对于铅含量为0.025×10-6的味精样品,其扩展不确定度为0.002×10-6。     

青藏铁路建设冻土工程问题的深入研究和实践

青藏铁路开工建设以来的冻土工程问题研究, 在综合以往冻土学研究成果基础上, 针对冻土区大规模工程实践对冻土和冻土环境的影响特点, 冻土和冻土工程之间相互作用本质, 用系统工程论的观点, 以工程变形为冻土工程问题研究的综合目标, 抓住冻土工程问题的热学机理本质, 用工程热力结构作为解决问题的主要手段, 取得很好的实践效果. 同时把我国冻土工程问题研究和冻土工程建设提高到一个新的水平, 为建设世界一流的高原铁路奠定了坚实的技术基础.     

An alpha theory of time-dependent warped accretion discs

The non-linear fluid dynamics of a warped accretion disc was investigated in an earlier paper by developing a theory of fully non-linear bending waves in a thin, viscous disc. That analysis is extended here to take proper account of thermal and radiative effects by solving an energy equation that includes viscous dissipation and radiative transport. The problem is reduced to simple one-dimensional evolutionary equations for mass and angular momentum, expressed in physical units and suitable for direct application. This result constitutes a logical generalization of the alpha theory of Shakura & Sunyaev to the case of a time-dependent warped accretion disc. The local thermal–viscous stability of such a disc is also investigated.     

1960-2012年河西内陆河上游山区降水量变化及其区域性差异分析

基于我国河西内陆河流域有关水文、气象台站的观测数据,对1960年代以来河西走廊的石羊河、黑河、疏勒河三大内陆河水系上游山区降水变化特征、趋势及区域时空变化差异进行了分析.结果表明：受全球变暖的影响,石羊河、黑河、疏勒河流域上游的降水量年代际、年际及季节性的变化总体上呈增加的态势,但不同区域降水增幅存在着一定的差异.其中,1960年代,位于祁连山东部的石羊河水系上游山区、中部的黑河水系上游山区及西部的疏勒河水系上游山区普遍少雨;1970年代,石羊河山区降水偏多并持续至今,黑河、疏勒河水系上游山区则降水偏少;1980年代,三大水系上游山区均多雨;1990年代的黑河、疏勒河山区和2000年代的三大水系上游山区均多雨;2010年以来,黑河山区降水偏少,石羊河与疏勒河山区降水均偏多.相对而言,位于祁连山西部山区的疏勒河水系上游年降水量与夏季降水量的增长较为显著.     

Dense planetary rings and the viscous overstability

This paper examines the onset of the viscous overstability in dense particulate rings. First, we formulate a dense gas kinetic theory that is applicable to the saturnian system. Our model is essentially that of Araki and Tremaine [Araki, S., Tremaine, S., 1986. Icarus 65, 83-109], which we show can be both simplified and generalised. Second, we put this model to work computing the equilibrium properties of dense planetary rings, which we subsequently compare with the results of N-body simulations, namely those of Salo [Salo, H., 1991. Icarus 90, 254-270]. Finally, we present the linear stability analyses of these equilibrium states, and derive criteria for the onset of viscous overstability in the self-gravitating and non-self-gravitating cases. These are framed in terms of particle size, orbital frequency, optical depth, and the parameters of the collision law. Our results compare favourably with the simulations of Salo et al. [Salo, H., Schmidt, J., Spahn, F., 2001. Icarus 153, 295-315]. The accuracy and practicality of the continuum model we develop encourages its general use in future investigations of nonlinear phenomena.     

珠峰地区积雪变化与气候变化的关系

根据三次Landsat遥感数据,应用GIS空间分析方法,分析了1975-2000年珠峰地区定日县常年积雪变化特征,并探讨其与气候变化之间的关系。结果表明,1975-2000年间定日县内常年积雪总计减少了7.49％,减少面积为105.35 km2,主要发生在珠峰及其周围高大山体常年积雪覆盖的边缘地区,其中,海拔5 000～6 000 m之间减少最多,占减少总面积的70％左右。气温和降水量变化是导致常年积雪变化的主要因素,特别是在全球变暖的大背景下,珠峰地区的气温上升趋势是其主要驱动因子。气温升高导致珠峰及周围高大山脉边缘的冰川和常年积雪不断消融,加上1980年代的降水量相对较少,使得1975-1992年常年积雪面积不断减少;但1990年代后期降水量增加显著,研究区东南部海拔相对较低的区域有较多的积雪累积,1993-2000年常年积雪面积略有增加。     

Variations of the Surface Wettability Index over the Tibetan Plateau During 1971-2005

Based on 1971-2005 monthly mean maximum/minimum temperature,wind speed,relative humidity,sunshine duration,and precipitation data at 25 stations over the Tibetan Plateau,a study of the largest potential evapotranspiration(LPE)is performed by using the Penman-Monteith model.The surface wettability index(SWI)is calculated and examined,together with its space distribution,interannual and seasonal variations,as well as associated causes.The results suggest that the annual area rainfall exhibits a pronounced increasing trend at 15.0 mm per decade; the annual LPE shows a different-degree decrease at-4.6-71.6 mm/10 yr.In the southwestern Ngari prefecture and Nyalam county,the annual SWI displays insignificant decline trends compared to increasing trends in other areas of Tibet(0.02-0.09 per decade).For Tibet,on average,the SWI experiences a noticeable rise at 0.04/10 yr,particularly in 1981-2005.On a seasonal basis,the SWI shows increasing trends,especially in summer.In the 1970s-1980s,the interannual variation is characterized mainly by lower temperature and lower humidity.From the 1990s,air temperature keeps on rising,leading to an appreciable increase in SWI,displayed as a type of warm and humid climate.The salient increases(decrease)of precipitation and relative humidity(mean temperature daily range)are the principal causes of the greatly enhanced SWI in the region.The pronounced decrease in mean wind and sunshine duration also plays an active role.     

盐生植物萌发期对盐胁迫的适应研究进展

目前我国盐渍土地面积较大,尤其是青藏高原的盐渍地,常伴有干旱、半干旱的生境,导致植物不易生长,生态环境相对恶劣,这种生态现状亟待解决。盐生植物具有一定的耐盐性和耐旱性,是改善盐渍地的首选植物,种子的活力决定了种子萌发的情况,多数学者为改善严峻的生态环境开始了盐生植物引种的研究。测定种子活力有直接方法和间接方法,大多数学者采用的是直接方法,即在实验室模拟一定条件直接测定萌发率。简述了盐生植物的概况、制造胁迫的主要方法以及检测种子活力的指标,综述了近年来不同学者对盐爪爪、白刺等具有代表性的22种盐生植物在种子萌发期的耐盐性以及抗旱性的相关研究,为改善盐渍地的生态环境、提升盐渍地的生产量提供了理论基础。     

Subcritical dynamos in shear flows

Identifying generic physical mechanisms responsible for the generation of magnetic fields and turbulence in differentially rotating flows is fundamental to understand the dynamics of astrophysical objects such as accretion disks and stars. In this paper, we discuss the concept of subcritical dynamo action and its hydrodynamic analogue exemplified by the process of nonlinear transition to turbulence in non‐rotating wall‐bounded shear flows. To illustrate this idea, we describe some recent results on nonlinear hydrodynamic transition to turbulence and nonlinear dynamo action in rotating shear flows pertaining to the problem of turbulent angular momentum transport in accretion disks. We argue that this concept is very generic and should be applicable to many astrophysical problems involving a shear flow and non‐axisymmetric instabilities of shearinduced axisymmetric toroidal velocity or magnetic fields, such as Kelvin‐Helmholtz, magnetorotational, Tayler or global magnetoshear instabilities. In the light of several recent numerical results, we finally suggest that, similarly to a standard linear instability, subcritical MHD dynamo processes in high‐Reynolds number shear flows could act as a large‐scale driving mechanism of turbulent flows that would in turn generate an independent small‐scale dynamo. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)