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331.
Validation of present-day regional climate simulations over Europe: LAM simulations with observed boundary conditions 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5
J. H. Christensen B. Machenhauer R. G. Jones C. Schär P. M. Ruti M. Castro G. Visconti 《Climate Dynamics》1997,13(7-8):489-506
Nested limited-area modelling is one method of down-scaling general circulation model (GCM) climate change simulations. To
give credibility to this method the nested limited-area model (LAM) must be shown to simulate local present-day climate conditions
fairly accurately. Here seven different European limited-area models driven by observed boundary conditions (operational weather
forecast analyses) are validated against observations, and inter-compared for summer and winter months. Relatively large biases
are found. In summer large positive surface air temperature biases are found over southeast Europe. The main reason is deficiencies
in the surface hydrological schemes causing an unrealistic drying of the soil. In at least one of the models, most likely
several of them, an additional factor is an overestimation of incoming solar radiation. Apart from excessive precipitation
in mountainous areas in some models they generally show a negative bias due to the drying and decreased advection from the
Atlantic. In winter most models have a positive precipitation bias which seems to be caused by an enhancement of advection
from the Atlantic and enhanced cyclone activity. Surface air temperature biases are negative probably due to an underestimation
of the incoming longwave radiation.
Received: 11 December 1996 / Accepted: 17 March 1997 相似文献
332.
Andrey Linhares Bezerra de Oliveira Júlio Carlos Afonso Lilian da Silva Arnaldo Alcover Neto Manuel Castro Carneiro Lílian Irene Dias da Silva Maria Inês Couto Monteiro 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2019,43(4):689-699
Rare earth elements (REEs) are very important to technological development as well as to geochemical and environmental studies. In this work, hydrofluoric acid (HF) was replaced by condensed phosphoric acid (CPA) in the digestion of geological samples, and the quantification of REEs was performed by inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES). Six international reference materials (RMs), named DC86318, CGL 111, CGL 124, CGL 126, OKA‐2 and COQ‐1 and three Brazilian ore samples, named Araxá, Catalão and Pitinga were analysed. Only zircon and xenotime, which are potential REE‐bearing minerals, were not completely dissolved. Nevertheless, no REE associated with zircon was detected. The investigated digestion method presented many advantages: It was relatively fast (3 h), avoided fluoride precipitation, it was less hazardous because handling diluted H3PO4 is safer than HF, NH4F or NH4HF2 aqueous solutions, it preserved the quartz fittings of the measurement equipment and the final solution contained lower levels of total dissolved solids than those produced by the fusion method. 相似文献
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