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31.
32.
Abdolrahim Javaherian 《地震学报(英文版)》1994,7(3):397-407
Griddispersioningeneratingfinite-differencessyntheticseismogramsAbdolrahimJavaherian(InstituteofGeophysics,theUniversityofTeh... 相似文献
33.
自十九世纪后期以来,在世界范围资料交换的基础上,已有可能由直接仪器测量来估计地球的平均地面温度。这些年来,提供温度记录的观测站在逐渐增加。有了这些温度记录,就有可能确定温度趋势。100年来的温度趋势曲线表明温度呈增暖的趋势,而去年(即1987年)是仪器记录上记载的最暖的一年。 相似文献
34.
<正> 1.前言测量人员总希望角度测量仪器不受度盘分划不可避免的剩余误差的影响。实现此目的最明显的观点认为,在每次角度测量中应计及所有的分划。这样所得平均值中就可不含任何分划误差,因为这时度盘分划误差的总和显然为零。利用几条分划线来求得一个读数,并非新鲜想法。早在17世纪,Hedraeus就第一次应用了这种方法,他在水平度盘对径位置上 相似文献
35.
三种干旱指标的比较分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
测试了三种干旱指标,并讨论了它们在描述不同干旱强度的干旱期方面的性能,作了相互比较。这些指标是:雨量距平指标(RAI)、Bhalme和Mooley干旱指标(BMDI)、Palmer干旱指标(PDI)。用内布拉斯加州资料作为例子,结果表明,在检测干旱期方面,这三种指标都是有效的。分析结果认为降水是影响气象干旱的最重要的气候因素。因此,可以得出结论:在进行单站分析时,用雨量这一简单指标和比较复杂的干旱指标,在描述干旱期和干旱强度方面,效果是相同的。 相似文献
36.
巴基斯坦卡拉奇─海得拉巴区域地震危险性预测 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shahid A. Khan 《地震研究》1995,(3)
本文讨论了巴基斯坦的地震构造,潜在震源和历史与现代地震活动性,并在此基础上使用确定性和概率性两种方法计算了各发震断层50年内最大可能的地震在卡拉奇和海得拉巴两城市将引起的地面峰值加速度以及50年内超越概率为14%的等加速度区划图。 相似文献
37.
PRESENT STATUS OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON HEAVY METAL POLLUTANT ADSORPTION-DESORPTION BY SEDIMENT IN CHINA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
PRESENTSTATUSOFEXPERIMENTALSTUDYONHEAVYMETALPOLLUTANTADSORPTION-DESORPTIONBYSEDIMENTINCHINAHUANGSuiliangandWANZhaohui(Postdoc... 相似文献
38.
ENCORE: the effect of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs. Synthesis of results and conclusions 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Koop K Booth D Broadbent A Brodie J Bucher D Capone D Coll J Dennison W Erdmann M Harrison P Hoegh-Guldberg O Hutchings P Jones GB Larkum AW O'Neil J Steven A Tentori E Ward S Williamson J Yellowlees D 《Marine pollution bulletin》2001,42(2):91-120
Coral reef degradation resulting from nutrient enrichment of coastal waters is of increasing global concern. Although effects of nutrients on coral reef organisms have been demonstrated in the laboratory, there is little direct evidence of nutrient effects on coral reef biota in situ. The ENCORE experiment investigated responses of coral reef organisms and processes to controlled additions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) on an offshore reef (One Tree Island) at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. A multi-disciplinary team assessed a variety of factors focusing on nutrient dynamics and biotic responses. A controlled and replicated experiment was conducted over two years using twelve small patch reefs ponded at low tide by a coral rim. Treatments included three control reefs (no nutrient addition) and three + N reefs (NH4Cl added), three + P reefs (KH2PO4 added), and three + N + P reefs. Nutrients were added as pulses at each low tide (ca twice per day) by remotely operated units. There were two phases of nutrient additions. During the initial, low-loading phase of the experiment nutrient pulses (mean dose = 11.5 microM NH4+; 2.3 microM PO4(-3)) rapidly declined, reaching near-background levels (mean = 0.9 microM NH4+; 0.5 microM PO4(-3)) within 2-3 h. A variety of biotic processes, assessed over a year during this initial nutrient loading phase, were not significantly affected, with the exception of coral reproduction, which was affected in all nutrient treatments. In Acropora longicyathus and A. aspera, fewer successfully developed embryos were formed, and in A. longicyathus fertilization rates and lipid levels decreased. In the second, high-loading, phase of ENCORE an increased nutrient dosage (mean dose = 36.2 microM NH4+; 5.1 microM PO4(-3)) declining to means of 11.3 microM NH4+ and 2.4 microM PO4(-3) at the end of low tide) was used for a further year, and a variety of significant biotic responses occurred. Encrusting algae incorporated virtually none of the added nutrients. Organisms containing endosymbiotic zooxanthellae (corals and giant clams) assimilated dissolved nutrients rapidly and were responsive to added nutrients. Coral mortality, not detected during the initial low-loading phase, became evident with increased nutrient dosage, particularly in Pocillopora damicornis. Nitrogen additions stunted coral growth, and phosphorus additions had a variable effect. Coral calcification rate and linear extension increased in the presence of added phosphorus but skeletal density was reduced, making corals more susceptible to breakage. Settlement of all coral larvae was reduced in nitrogen treatments, yet settlement of larvae from brooded species was enhanced in phosphorus treatments. Recruitment of stomatopods, benthic crustaceans living in coral rubble, was reduced in nitrogen and nitrogen plus phosphorus treatments. Grazing rates and reproductive effort of various fish species were not affected by the nutrient treatments. Microbial nitrogen transformations in sediments were responsive to nutrient loading with nitrogen fixation significantly increased in phosphorus treatments and denitrification increased in all treatments to which nitrogen had been added. Rates of bioerosion and grazing showed no significant effects of added nutrients. ENCORE has shown that reef organisms and processes investigated in situ were impacted by elevated nutrients. Impacts were dependent on dose level, whether nitrogen and/or phosphorus were elevated and were often species-specific. The impacts were generally sub-lethal and subtle and the treated reefs at the end of the experiment were visually similar to control reefs. Rapid nutrient uptake indicates that nutrient concentrations alone are not adequate to assess nutrient condition of reefs. Sensitive and quantifiable biological indicators need to be developed for coral reef ecosystems. The potential bioindicators identified in ENCORE should be tested in future research on coral reef/nutrient interactions. Synergistic and cumulative effects of elevated nutrients and other environmental parameters, comparative studies of intact vs. disturbed reefs, offshore vs. inshore reefs, or the ability of a nutrient-stressed reef to respond to natural disturbances require elucidation. An expanded understanding of coral reef responses to anthropogenic impacts is necessary, particularly regarding the subtle, sub-lethal effects detected in the ENCORE studies. 相似文献
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