Using a global reference sample set and a cropland map for area estimation in China

A technically transparent and freely available reference sample set for validation of global land cover mapping was recently established to assess the accuracies of land cover maps with multiple resolutions. This sample set can be used to estimate areas because of its equal-area hexagon-based sampling design. The capabilities of these sample set-based area estimates for cropland were investigated in this paper. A 30-m cropland map for China was consolidated using three thematic maps (cropland, forest and wetland maps) to reduce confusion between cropland and forest/wetland. We compared three area estimation methods using the sample set and the 30 m cropland map. The methods investigated were: (1) pixel counting from a complete coverage map, (2) direct estimation from reference samples, and (3) model-assisted estimation combining the map with samples. Our results indicated that all three methods produced generally consistent estimates which agreed with cropland area measured from an independent national land use dataset. Areas estimated from the reference sample set were less biased by comparing with a National Land Use Dataset of China (NLUD-C). This study indicates that the reference sample set can be used as an alternative source to estimate areas over large regions.     

A simplified design method for metallic dampers used in the transverse direction of cable-stayed bridges

The aseismic design of cable-stayed bridges in the transverse direction with newly proposed metallic dampers that can accommodate both longitudinal and transverse movement of the deck has recently been considered. This work focuses on developing a simplified method to design an appropriate metallic damper. The seismic performance of cablestayed bridges with different damper stiffness, main span lengths, tower shapes and types of deck in the transverse direction are investigated. The transverse displacement of the deck of a cable-stayed bridge increases significantly with the increment of the damper stiffness, which proves that the design of the damper stiffness is crucial. A simplified model considering the damper stiffness, cable system and tower in the transverse direction is developed to evaluate the period and lateral displacement of a complicated cable-stayed bridge. Based on the simplified model, a design method is proposed and assessed using two cable-stayed bridges as examples. The results show that metallic dampers can be designed with high efficiency, and the optimal ductility of the damper can be selected.     

Study of seismic behavior of PHC piles with partial normal-strength deformed bars

Nine PHC piles with partial normal-strength deformed bars were prepared in present study, and cyclic loading tests were implemented to evaluate these piles’ seismic performance. The influence of the axial compression ratio and the amount of normal-strength deformed bars on failure modes, crack patterns, strength, stiffness, and ductility were examined. The test findings indicate that the change of axial compression ratio has a noticeable influence on the failure mode of PHC piles. A larger axial compression ratio results in a higher cracking bending resistance, ultimate bending resistance, and initial stiffness, but the propagation heights of flexural cracks decrease as the axial compression ratio increases. Furthermore, increasing the amount of normal-strength deformed bars causes a slight decrease in ductility. Finally, a calculation formula was proposed to predict the flexural capacity of PHC piles with partial normal-strength deformed bars.     

阿勒泰地区两种树轮宽度年表气候响应特征

阿尔泰山是树轮气候研究的理想区域,但此前关于阿尔泰山不同海拔高度西伯利亚落叶松和西伯利亚云杉树轮宽度气候响应差异的对比研究较少。本文利用阿尔泰山上树线西伯利亚落叶松以及森林中下部西伯利亚云杉和西伯利亚落叶松树轮宽度资料,在建立宽度年表的基础上,分析阿尔泰山南坡不同海拔高度不同树种对气候响应的差异。研究结果表明：①上树线与森林中下部区域树轮宽度生长的气候限制因子不同,上树线落叶松树轮宽度生长的气候限制因子为6月平均温度,森林中下部云杉树轮生长的气候限制因子为年度（上年7月到当年6月）或春季（4-6月）降水量。②森林中下部云杉树轮宽度生长对降水的响应要优于落叶松。③上树线西伯利亚落叶松树轮宽度均与当年6月平均温度显著正相关（P<0.001）,森林中下部西伯利亚落叶松的气候限制因子不明显。     

沂沭断裂带高桥盆地早白垩世火山岩的地球化学及岩石成因

沂沭断裂带内高桥盆地早白垩世火山岩SiO2含量为51.97%～68.94%;由玄武粗安岩、 粗面岩和流纹岩组成;都属于碱性岩。岩石富集Rb、 Ba、 K等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素;相对亏损Nb、 Ta、 Ti等高场强元素和重稀土元素;并具有富集的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成。钾质粗面岩具有高稀土Cr、 Ni含量、 La/Yb、Sr/Y和Th/U高比值;这类似于华北克拉通东南缘早白垩世富集岩石圈来源的基性岩（如方城玄武岩、 沂南辉长岩）;其可能主要来源于富集岩石圈地幔部分熔融。与之相比;钠质玄武粗安岩具有低Cr、 Ni含量 、 87Sr/86Sr（t）、 Th/U和高εNd（t）值;表明它可能由岩石圈地幔熔体与软流圈物质混合而成。沂沭断裂带高桥盆地火山岩形成于岩石圈伸展背景下;沂沭断裂带的活动可能诱使软流圈物质的上涌;导致岩石圈地幔升温发生部分熔融;并为软流圈物质的上升提供了通道。     

一种新的综合物理指数构建及其在强降水预报中的应用

强降水是洪灾及相关衍生灾害的最主要原因之一,而过去单靠某一种变量诊断预报强降水,具有较大难度.本文在已有研究的基础上,根据强降水发生发展的物理机制,将引起降水的热力、动力和水汽条件综合考虑,尝试性地构建了一个新的综合指数THP(Temperature, Helicity and Precipitable water).然后针对两次强降水过程,利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°的再分析资料和地面常规观测资料,对THP指数进行了诊断分析,并选用2012年7月1日-8月15日的降水实况,对该指数进行了普适性检验.结果表明:(1) THP指数的变化可以有效表征强降水过程的发展和移动.对于降水落区的预报,THP指数的大值区与未来6 h的降水中心基本对应;对于降水发生时刻的预报,THP指数的位相变化超前于地面降水的变化,具有较好的指示性;(2) 对于高空槽前型降水,THP指数对降水强度也有一定的诊断意义,且普适性检验表明,该指数在我国中东部地区的盛夏期间具有良好的适用性;(3) 基于配料法的思想,THP指数将有利于强降水出现的、具有清晰物理意义的信号进行了集成,相比于表征单一物理量的指数,其稳定性得到了增强.     

Discovery of bauxite-type helium source rock in Jinzhong basin,central North China and its resource potential evaluation

<正>1. Objective Among globally known industrial helium-enriched natural gas reservoirs, associated helium is dominantly crust-derived helium(4He), which is generated by the radioactive decay of uranium(U) and thorium(Th) in crustal rocks. These rocks with old ages are also defined as helium source rocks.Published accumulation models for helium have revealed that granite is the main and effective helium source rock in the crust(Li YH et al., 2018).     

拉脊山阿伊山群中流纹岩的形成时代、地球化学特征及其构造意义

阿伊山群是南祁连构造带拉脊山地区的重要岩石地层单元,其形成构造环境和时代的限定对于理解拉脊山地区构造演化过程具有重要的意义。近年来,我们通过地质填图在青海拉脊山东沟煤矿地区的阿伊山群中识别出一套安山岩、流纹岩、凝灰岩、含砾粗砂岩和粗砂岩的岩石组合,其中,火山岩呈夹层的形式出露在沉积岩中。本文在详细的野外地质调查和岩相学研究的基础上,对阿伊山群中的流纹岩夹层进行了年代学和全岩地球化学研究。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示流纹岩的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为447±4 Ma,属晚奥陶世。流纹岩具有较高SiO2 （69.6%～76.5%）和铝饱和指数（A/CNK = 0.85～1.10）,为钙碱性—高钾碱钙性系列。岩石富集轻稀土（LREE）和Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素,亏损重稀土元素（HREE）和Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,具有高的全岩δ18O值,指示岩浆源区可能为沉积岩。结合前人研究成果,本文认为阿伊山群流纹岩是晚奥陶世陆陆碰撞过程俯冲陆壳沉积物部分熔融形成的。     

七宝山早白垩世火山岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

七宝山晚中生代火山岩位于郯庐断裂带山东段管帅盆地东缘,出露于青山群八亩地组中。本文通过对火山岩样品TYS48和TYS52中锆石LA-ICP MS U-Pb测年,获得其年龄分别为120.1±0.6Ma和118.5±1.1 Ma,显示该区火山岩为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。研究区火山岩SiO2含量为56.02％～66.45％,富钠、富碱、偏碱性（σ平均为4.01）,为一套高钾钙碱性系列的火山岩。与区内埃达克质岩相比,除TYS49样品外,其余样品均具有较低的MgO含量为（0.52％～2.02％）和Mg#（16～42）。地球化学特征显示,火山岩富集Rb、Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素（LILE）和轻稀土元素（LREE）,相对亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素（HFSE）和重稀土元素,具有弱的Eu负异常（δEu平均为0.85）; 具有富集的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成：87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.7084～0.7098,εNd(t)=-20.4～-16.2,206Pb/204Pb(t)=16.44～17.19,207Pb/204Pb(t)=15.39～15.47, 208Pb/204Pb(t)=36.82～37.65。研究表明,在郯庐断裂带伸展活动和岩石圈减薄背景之下,软流圈物质上涌使得地温升高而造成下地壳部分熔融,熔融的下地壳与岩石圈地幔相互作用形成了七宝山火山岩。断裂带的存在与活动,对华北克拉通可能具有破坏作用,使得岩石圈的稳定性和整体性遭到破坏,从而成为华北岩石圈减薄中的有利位置。     

渤海海域莱州湾凹陷构造演化对油气成藏的控制作用

莱州湾凹陷近年获重大油气发现,但构造演化特征复杂,烃源岩、沉积体系展布特征以及油气运聚规律认识尚不够深入。本文利用多种钻井资料,结合区域地质研究,首先对本区构造演化所产生的断裂与圈闭特征进行分析,划分出3级断裂体系以及3种类型圈闭,并深入研究了构造演化对油气生成与演化、优质储盖组合的分布以及油气运移与聚集的控制作用,总结了沙三段自源型油气藏以及其它层系它源型油气藏两种油气成藏模式,指出下一步有利勘探方向。