Land use effects on soil organic carbon,microbial biomass and microbial activity in Changbai Mountains of Northeast China

Land use changes are known to alter soil organic carbon （SOC） and microbial properties, however, information about how conversion of natural forest to agricultural land use as well as plantations affects SOC and microbial properties in the Changbai Moun- tains of Northeast China is meager. Soil carbon content, microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, basal respiration and soil carbon mineraliza- tion were studied in five selected types of land use： natural old-growth broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest （NF）; spruce plantation （SP） established following clear-cutting of NF; cropland （CL）; ginseng farmland （GF） previously under NF; and a five-year Mongolian oak young forest （YF） reforested on an abandoned GF, in the Changbai Mountains of Northeast China in 2011. Results showed that SOC content was significantly lower in SP, CL, GF, and YF than in NF. MBC ranged from 304.4 mg/kg in CL to 1350.3 mg/kg in NF, which was significantly higher in the soil of NF than any soil of the other four land use types. The SOC and MBC contents were higher in SP soil than in CL, GF, and YF soils, yielding a significant difference between SP and CL. The value of basal respiration was also higher in NF than in SP, CL, GF, and YF. Simultaneously, higher values of the metabolic quotient were detected in CL, GF, and YF soils, indicat- ing low substrate utilization of the soil microbial community compared with that in NF and SP soil. The values of cumulative mineral- ized carbon and potentially mineralized carbon （Co） in NF were significantly higher than those in CL and GF, while no significant dif- ference was observed between NF and SP. In addition, YF had higher values of Co and C mineralization rate compared with GF. The results indicate that conversion from NF into agricultural land （CL and GF） uses and plantation may lead to a reduction in soil nutrients （SOC and MBC） and substrate utilization efficiency of the microbial community. By contrast, soils below SP were more conducive to the preservation of soil organic matter, which was reflected in the comparison of microbial indicators among CL, GF, and YF land uses. This study can provide data for evaluating soils nutrients under different land use types, and serve as references for the rational land use of natural forest in the study area.     

Valuation of lake and marsh wetlands ecosystem services in China

Wetlands are highly productive natural ecosystems, providing valuable goods and services. There is growing interest in transferring ecosystem service value from the existing wetlands studied to other wetlands ecosystems at a large geographic scale. The benefit transfer method uses the known values from wetlands to predict the value of other wetland sites. This methodology requires only limited time and resources. The present study calculated the value of the ecological services provided by lake and marsh wetlands in China in terms of biodiversity indices, water quality indices and economic indices. Basic data on wetlands were obtained through remote sensing images. The results show that: 1) The total ecosystem service value of the lake and marsh wetlands in 2008 was calculated to be 8.1841 × 1010 United States Dollars(USD), with the marsh and lake wetlands contributing 5.6329 × 1010 and 2.5512 × 1010 USD, respectively. Values of marsh ecosystem service were concentrated in Heilongjiang Province(2.5516 × 1010 USD), Qinghai Province(1.2014 × 1010 USD), and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(1.1884 × 1010 USD). The value of the lakes were concentrated in Tibet Autonomous Region(6.223 × 109 USD), Heilongjiang(5.810 × 109 USD), and Qinghai(5.500 × 109 USD). 2) Waste treatment and climate regulation services contributed to 26.29% and 24.74% respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the marsh wetlands. Hydrological regulation and waste treatment contributed to 41.39% and 32.75%, respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the lake wetlands. 3) The total ecological service value of the lake and marsh wetlands was 54.64% of the total service value of natural grassland ecosystems and 30.34% of the total service value of forests ecosystems in China.     

柴北缘牦牛山地区牦牛山组沉积相组合特征

柴达木盆地北缘牦牛山地区出露的牦牛山组是一套由冲积扇和扇三角洲相共同构成的陆相沉积组合,冲积扇相砾岩-粗砂岩组合主要分布于研究区SE侧,扇三角洲相砂岩-泥岩组合主要分布于研究区NW侧。古水流分析表明牦牛山组沉积物主要来自其SE侧古隆起,但后期扇三角洲相包含少量来自NW和NE向的沉积物。该套沉积组合序列特征与区域上分布在牦牛山西侧同时期形成的湖泊相、滨浅海相沉积共同表明,柴达木盆地北缘在晚志留-早泥盆世时期存在一NW向倾斜的古斜坡,且晚期北侧发生抬升。砾岩和砂岩碎屑组成与区域岩石组合类型对比表明,牦牛山组沉积碎屑物主要来自于滩间山群。沉积组合序列特征、碎屑组成和区域构造背景综合研究表明,牦牛山组可能为柴达木板块向北俯冲过程中形成的局部断陷盆地的充填物。     

短期增温和降水减少对沙质草地土壤微生物量碳氮和酶活性的影响

通过模拟气候变化,探究短期增温和降水减少对沙质草地土壤微生物量碳氮及酶活性的影响,揭示沙质草地土壤微生物量碳氮和酶活性对短期气候变化的响应规律。结果表明：（1）短期增温和降水减少对土壤微生物量碳氮和酶活性均产生显著影响。（2）在自然温度下,与自然降水相比,降水减少40%时土壤微生物量碳（MBC）和微生物氮（MBN）含量最高,增幅分别为87.9%和98.8%;降水减少60%时土壤碱性蛋白酶（S-ALPT）活性最低,降幅达32.8%。（3）在增温条件下,与自然降水相比,降水减少40%时土壤MBC和MBN含量最低,降幅分别为25.67%和48.16%,土壤脲酶（S-UE）活性最高,增幅20.42%。（4）土壤pH与3种土壤酶活性正相关,与土壤微生物量碳氮负相关。土壤微生物量碳氮与土壤纤维素酶（S-CL）活性负相关,与S-UE、S-ALPT活性正相关。     

1958—2019年云南省拐卖未成年人犯罪的时空格局及影响因素

拐卖犯罪的时间跨度长、社会危害性高,会对受害者造成一生的记忆创伤。未成年人作为弱势群体,极易受到拐卖犯罪的侵害。早前拐卖的相关研究主要集中在法学和社会学领域,基于地理学视角的研究起步较晚,且缺少针对犯罪高发区云南省的研究。为此,文章基于公益平台“宝贝回家”网站的数据资料,运用数理统计、空间分析等方法,从未成年受害群体视角探究云南省拐卖犯罪的时空格局及影响因素。研究发现：1）来自乡村的被拐未成年人占总体的77%,从乡村拐入乡村的拐卖数量最多;同时,被拐未成年人整体趋于低龄化,呈现较强的低龄男童偏好以及大龄女童偏好。2）1958—2019年云南省拐卖未成年人数量在时间上呈现“倒V型”波动特征,高发期为1994—2005年,其时间演变受特殊历史事件、国家政策和打拐活动等的影响。3）空间上,云南省东部犯罪总量较高,扩散速率较快,其中曲靖、昆明、昭通为热点区域;县域尺度上,官渡区、昭阳区、盘龙区、西山区、五华区、镇雄县、宣威市的被拐未成年人数量占总数的49.5%;同时,过半案件发生在居住场所附近,封闭式公共场所附近案件发生量最少。4）影响因素上,自然因子对拐卖犯罪的影响力度最小,人口因子对犯罪快速增长期影响显著,社会和经济因子对犯罪高发期和低发期的作用显著。     

不同约束对GPS观测网平差结果的影响

对卫星轨道和测站坐标的约束程度设计了 4种方案 ,对中国地壳运动观测网络10 18GPS周的基准站观测数据进行了试验研究。结果显示 :松驰轨道和紧约束 IGS站方案的结果与紧约束轨道和 IGS站方案的结果基本一致 ,认为这与先验坐标的精确度较高有关。其他方案之间存在较大的差别。最后讨论了大尺度 GPS监测网数据处理时参考基准的选择问题 ,认为一般情况下 ,应该使用全球解 H文件 ,把平差结果归算到全球参考框架中     

电测深法在金乡－单县寻找隐伏煤田中的应用及效果

本文以金乡－单县隐伏型石炭、二叠系煤田为例，论述和分析利用曲线类型来划分煤层的分布范围，利用电场特征来划分断裂构造，推断构造轮廓，在不易掌握各电性层电性参数的情况下，准确求出煤系底板的埋深，并通过与部分钻孔对比，分析电测深资料的有效性。     

Inversion of Vegetation Components Based on the Spectral Mixture Analysis Using Hyperion Data

Hyper spectral remote sensing is widely used to identify ground objects as a result of the advantages of ground radiation intensity characteristics and spectral position characteristics, in which inversion of vegetation components is the difficult point and hotspot. In this study, Huma county of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the study area, the canopy spectra of four types of typical vegetation were measured in situ firstly, including mongolian oak, cotton grass, lespedeza and white birch. Then, on the basis of analyzing the canopy spectral characteristics and their parameterization, the spectral differences of different vegetations were located, and the parameterization method of characteristics identification was determined. Finally, Hyperion data were used to calculate the canopy albedos based on the bidirectional reflectance model of vegetation canopies, and to map the vegetation components in the study area by use of linear spectral mixture model. The results showed that inversion of vegetation components in high vegetation-covered area was accurate using the canopy albedos and liner spectral mixture model, and was identical with the field sampling, which validated the feasibility of canopy albedos and liner spectral mixture model for the inversion of vegetation components.     

S-A多重分形法在地球化学异常 圈定中的对比应用—以甘肃文康地区为例

通过对甘肃省陇南文康地区的地质背景分析,采用区域1:5万水系沉积物测量的17种常量元素含量数据,分别运用传统统计学方法、S-A（能谱密度-累计面积）多重分形滤波法,确定成矿元素（以Au为例）异常下限值,圈定化探异常。结果表明,与传统方法相比,S-A多重分形法所圈定的异常面积小、数量多,传统统计法圈定的面积较大;两种方法圈定的异常展布方向基本一致,与研究区内已知的矿点吻合度高。本次研究认为S-A多重分形法所圈定的异常基本位于传统方法所圈定异常的内带之中,重点突出,与矿床空间位置对应关系较好,便于野外开展工作。同时在传统异常周边提取了部分低背景区的弱异常,这些弱异常可作为下一步找矿工作的新靶区。     

3D Anisotropic P- and S-Mode Wavefields Separation in 3D Elastic Reverse-Time Migration

Surveys in Geophysics - In 2D anisotropic media, non-stationary filters and low-rank approximation methods are classical strategies to compute the decomposition operators, but they suffer from...