Late Mesozoic rifting and its deep dynamic mechanisms in the central Sulu orogenic belt: Records from Lingshan Island

Science China Earth Sciences - The Lingshan Island scientific drill confirms that two episodes (Laiyang period and Qingshan period) of rifting developed in the central Sulu orogenic belt (SOB) in...     

Metals in Podiform Chromitite of Mantle Section of the Tibetan Ophiolite: What Do We Learn From Them?

<正>Ophiolitic podiform chromitites for a long time have been considered as"cumulates"formed by harzburgitemelt interaction and related melt mixing at the upper part of the suboceanic mantle to the Moho transition zone.Within many existing concepts,which are in a focus of this workshop,there is one suggesting that some portion of chromitites originate from deep mantle,where Cr-spinel     

Population vulnerability to tsunami hazards informed by previous and projected disasters: a case study of American Samoa

Natural Hazards - Population vulnerability from tsunamis is a function of the number and location of individuals in hazard zones and their ability to reach safety before wave arrival. Previous...     

特殊地质城市地下空间开发利用面临的问题与挑战

我国地质环境十分复杂,地面沉降、地裂缝、活动断裂及岩溶等特殊地质现象十分发育,是世界上地质灾害最为严重的国家之一,这给我国目前大规模城市地下空间开发利用尤其是城市轨道交通和地下综合管廊的建设带来了前所未有的地质挑战。文中论述了我国城市地面沉降、地裂缝、活动断裂及岩溶等特殊地质现象的分布与发育状况及危害,明确指出了上述特殊地质环境下城市地下空间开发利用中面临的诸如监测缺乏系统性、缺少评价与安全利用理论方法和技术支撑、特殊地质与地下空间相互作用机制不明以及规划缺乏前瞻性等关键问题和挑战,建议尽快开展我国特殊地质城市地下空间开发利用的适宜性评价理论方法、规划设计理论、探测与监测技术方法以及城市地下空间资源评价、安全利用与防治关键技术等方面的研究,为我国地面沉降、地裂缝、活动断裂以及岩溶等特殊地质城市地下空间开发利用与安全运营提供重要科学依据与技术指导。     

Micromechanical inspection of incremental behaviour of crushable soils

In granular soils grain crushing reduces dilatancy and stress obliquity enhances crushability. These are well-supported specimen-scale experimental observations. In principle, those observations should reflect some peculiar micromechanism associated with crushing, but which is it? To answer that question the nature of crushing-induced particle-scale interactions is here investigated using an efficient DEM model of crushable soil. Microstructural measures such as the mechanical coordination number and fabric are examined while performing systematic stress probing on the triaxial plane. Numerical techniques such as parallel and the newly introduced sequential probing enable clear separation of the micromechanical mechanisms associated with crushing. Particle crushing is shown to reduce fabric anisotropy during incremental loading and to slow fabric change during continuous shearing. On the other hand, increased fabric anisotropy does take more particles closer to breakage. Shear-enhanced breakage appears then to be a natural consequence of shear-enhanced fabric anisotropy. The particle crushing model employed here makes crushing dependent only on particle and contact properties, without any pre-established influence of particle connectivity. That influence does not emerge, and it is shown how particle connectivity, per se, is not a good indicator of crushing likelihood.

     

The relationship between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and drought indices in the South Central United States

Natural Hazards - Drought indices are useful for quantifying drought severity and have shown mixed success as an indicator of drought damage and biophysical dryness. While spatial downscaling of...     

土地资源约束下的北京食物供给潜力与优化(英文)

全球气候变化所带来的极端天气的频繁发生,水资源短缺情况下的农业用水的不断减少和伴随着人口增长与社会经济发展所引起的耕地面积下降,正在严重影响着世界范围内的食物安全。近年来由于食品价格的迅猛增长而导致的食品危机正在引起人们对增加地方食物供应的普遍关注。城市作为对食品安全更为敏感的地区,更是首当其冲受到食品危机的影响,城市一方面由于城市化快速发展,带来城市人口膨胀和消费多样性要求,从而形成需求的大幅增加,另一方面有由于城市周边耕地面积的不断减少,农业生产空间受到压缩,农业生产能力减弱,降低了城市的自我食品供给,引起自给率明显下降。如何保持供需之间的平衡,保障城市食品安全,成为亟需研究的问题。本文提出以食物足迹的概念,来衡量城市所间接消耗的土地资源,并以此为工具,以自给率为条件,来求得满足一定自给率条件下食物供给的空间对应格局。通过分析30年来北京食物足迹以及食物自给率的年际变化,得出结论:北京食物足迹从1981年的1.18万km2增加到2010年的2.94万km2,而自给率整体下降较多,蔬菜、水果、谷物及油脂类的自给率从1981年的59.3%、35.8%、37.3% 和 13.1% 下降到2010年的39.0%、27.0%、6.7% 和2.2%,可以看出蔬菜仍能保持相当的自给率,因此提高蔬菜自给率是增强城市自给能力的最佳选择。最后,以60%的蔬菜自给率为目标,提出了两种情景,包括完全以耕地为来源的空间应对格局,以及屋顶农业参与下的空间应对格局。     

汶川地震钢筋混凝土柱单层工业厂房震害及分析

对汶川地震重灾区钢筋混凝土柱单层工业厂房震害进行了调查和总结,并通过有限元模拟等手段分析了震害原因,提出了相应的设计建议。研究表明,汶川地震中钢筋混凝土柱单层工业厂房多数达到了规范预期的设防目标;屋盖体系、围护结构、屋架与柱顶连接节点、排架柱变阶部位等是此类厂房抗震设防的薄弱环节,抗震设计时上述部位应采取更为可靠的措施。     

On a continuous spectral algorithm for simulating non-stationary Gaussian random fields

This paper presents an algorithm for simulating Gaussian random fields with zero mean and non-stationary covariance functions. The simulated field is obtained as a weighted sum of cosine waves with random frequencies and random phases, with weights that depend on the location-specific spectral density associated with the target non-stationary covariance. The applicability and accuracy of the algorithm are illustrated through synthetic examples, in which scalar and vector random fields with non-stationary Gaussian, exponential, Matérn or compactly-supported covariance models are simulated.