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41.
Topographic interactions generate multidirectional and unsteady air?ow that limits the application of velocity pro?le approaches for estimating sediment transport over dunes. Results are presented from a series of wind tunnel simulations using Irwin‐type surface‐mounted pressure sensors to measure shear stress variability directly at the surface over both isolated and closely spaced sharp‐crested model dunes. Findings complement existing theories on secondary air?ow effects on stoss transport dynamics and provide new information on the in?uence of lee‐side air?ow patterns on dune morphodynamics. For all speeds investigated, turbulent unsteadiness at the dune toe indicates a greater, more variable surface shear, despite a signi?cant drop in time‐averaged measurements of streamwise shear stress at this location. This effect is believed suf?cient to inhibit sediment deposition at the toe and may be responsible for documented intermittency in sand transport in the toe region. On the stoss slope, streamline compression and ?ow acceleration cause an increase in ?ow steadiness and shear stress to a maximum at the crest that is double that at the toe of the isolated dune and 60–70 per cent greater than at ?ow reattachment on the lower stoss of closely spaced dunes. Streamwise ?ow accelerations, rather than turbulence, have greater in?uence on stress generation on the stoss and this effect increases with stoss slope distance and with incident wind speed. Reversed ?ow within the separation cell generates signi?cant surface shear (30–40 per cent of maximum values) for both spacings. This supports ?eld studies that suggest reversed ?ow is competent enough to return sediment to the dune directly or in a de?ected direction. High variability in shear at reattachment indicates impact of a turbulent shear layer that, despite low values of time‐averaged streamwise stress in this region, would inhibit sediment accumulation. Downwind of reattachment, shear stress and ?ow steadiness increase within 6 h (h = dune height) of reattachment and approach upwind values by 25 h. A distance of at least 30 h is suggested for full boundary layer recovery, which is comparable to ?uvial estimates. The Irwin sensor used in this study provides a reliable means to measure skin friction force responsible for sand transport and its robust, simple, and cost‐effective design shows promise for validating these ?ndings in natural dune settings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
42.
Ernst Zinner Sachiko Amari Ann Nguyen Robert M. Walker 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2003,67(24):5083-5095
With a new type of ion microprobe, the NanoSIMS, we determined the oxygen isotopic compositions of small (<1μm) oxide grains in chemical separates from two CM2 carbonaceous meteorites, Murray and Murchison. Among 628 grains from Murray separate CF (mean diameter 0.15 μm) we discovered 15 presolar spinel and 3 presolar corundum grains, among 753 grains from Murray separate CG (mean diameter 0.45 μm) 9 presolar spinel grains, and among 473 grains from Murchison separate KIE (mean diameter 0.5 μm) 2 presolar spinel and 4 presolar corundum grains. The abundance of presolar spinel is highest (2.4%) in the smallest size fraction. The total abundance in the whole meteorite is at least 1 ppm, which makes spinel the third-most abundant presolar grain species after nanodiamonds (if indeed a significant fraction of them are presolar) and silicon carbide. The O-isotopic distribution of the spinel grains is very similar to that of presolar corundum, the only statistically significant difference being that there is a larger fraction of corundum grains with large 17O excesses (17O/16O > 1.5 × 10−3), which indicates parent stars with masses between 1.8 and 4.5 M⊙. 相似文献
43.
44.
本文研究适用于ICF实验的CT技术,并已用于“星光Ⅱ”装置的激光等离子体的实验X光测量,重建出X光的三维分布,获得了有意义的结果,表明该技术在ICF实验中的应用的可能性。 相似文献
45.
乌鲁木齐西山断层新构造运动特征 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
展布于哈萨克斯坦—准噶尔亚板块南缘西山南麓的乌鲁木齐西山断层,构造地貌发育,航卫片上线性影象清晰,呈舒缓波状。断面倾向NWW,倾角60°~83°。破碎带宽约100m,内含多个断面,构成叠瓦状构造,逆冲量颇大。在走向近NE区段有一定左行走滑活动分量。新构造运动使侏罗系逆冲到中更新统之上,断层断错了全新统的冲积层。由中强地震沿西山断层分布资料显示,现今仍为粘滑活动。经14C测年确定,最近两次明显粘滑活动时间为4759a和493a,其时间间隔为4266a,其中一个断面的逆冲量分别为1.0m和0.25m。 相似文献
46.
47.
P. B. Tomascak Eirik J. Krogstad Richard J. Walker 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1996,125(1):45-59
Neodymium and lead isotope and elemental data are presented for the Sebago batholith (293±2 Ma), the largest exposed granite
in New England. The batholith is lithologically homogeneous, yet internally heterogeneous with respect to rare earth elements
(REE) and Nd isotopic composition. Two-mica granites in the southern/central portion of the batholith (group 1) are characterized
by REE patterns with uniform shapes [CeN/YbN (chondrite normalized) = 9.4–19 and Eu/Eu* (Eu anomaly) = 0.27–0.42] and ɛ
Nd(t) = −3.1 to −2.1. Peripheral two-mica granites (group 2), spatially associated with stromatic and schlieric migmatites,
have a wider range of total REE contents and patterns with variable shapes (CeN/YbN = 6.1–67, Eu/Eu* = 0.20–0.46) and ɛ
Nd(t) = −5.6 to −2.8. The heterogeneous REE character of the group 2 granites records the effects of magmatic differentiation
that involved monazite. Coarse-grained leucogranites and aplites have kinked REE patterns and low total REE, but have Nd isotope
systematics similar to group 2 granites with ɛ
Nd(t) = −5.5 to −4.7. Rare biotite granites have steep REE patterns (CeN/YbN = 51–61, Eu/Eu* = 0.32–0.84) and ɛ
Nd(t) = −4.6 to −3.8. The two-mica granites have a restricted range in initial Pb isotopic composition (206Pb/204Pb = 18.41–18.75; 207Pb/204Pb = 15.60–15.68; 208Pb/204Pb = 38.21–38.55), requiring and old, high U/Pb (but not Th/U) source component. The Nd isotope data are consistent with magma
derivation from two sources: Avalon-like crust (ɛ
Nd>−3), and Central Maine Belt metasedimentary rocks (ɛ
Nd<−4), without material input from the mantle. The variations in isotope systematics and REE patterns are inconsistent with
models of disequilibrium melting which involved monazite.
Received: 8 December 1995 / Accepted: 29 April 1996 相似文献
48.
Strontium and Nd isotopic compositions and trace element abundances were determined for Cretaceous to late Cenozoic igneous
rocks from the Japan Sea side of Southwest Japan in order to investigate the effect of the opening of the Japan Sea on igneous
activity. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios for both high and low silica rocks decrease with decreasing age since the middle Miocene, when the opening occurred.
Similarly, 143Nd/144Nd values for these rocks increase with decreasing age, and are negatively correlated with 87Sr/86Sr ratios. A two-component mixing process can best account for these isotopic and chemical characteristics. One end-member
is likely the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) and its derivative mafic to intermediate materials which had ɛNd values of around +3. The other endmember consists of mafic to intermediate rocks with low ɛNd values (e.g., −8), probably located in the lower crust. The mantle upwelling associated with the opening of the Japan Sea
did not supply typical MORB or MORB-source materials to the crust, but did provide the heat that caused the melting of lithospheric
mantle and lower crust.
Received: 29 August 1996 / Accepted: 6 May 1997 相似文献
49.
采用RAMAC/GPR探地雷达对机场跑道传力杆进行探测试验,取得了令人满意的效果,为机场工程质量检测提供了一种有效手段。 相似文献
50.
Liquid metal-liquid silicate partitioning of Fe, Ni, Co, P, Ge, W and Mo among a carbon-saturated metal and a variety of silicate melts (magnesian-tholeiitic-siliceous-aluminous-aluminosiliceous basalts) depends modestly to strongly upon silicate melt structure and composition. Low valency siderophile elements, Fe, Ni and Co, show a modest influence of silicate melt composition on partitioning. Germanium shows a moderate but consistent preference for the depolymerized magnesian melt. High valency siderophile elements, P, Mo, and W, show more than an order of magnitude decrease in metal-silicate partition coefficients as the silicate melt becomes more depolymerized. Detailed inspection of our and other published W data shows that polymerization state, temperature and pressure are more important controls on W partitioning than oxidation state. For this to be true for a high and variable valence element implies a secondary role in general for oxidation state, even though some role must be present. Equilibrium core segregation through a magma ocean of ‘ultrabasic’ composition can provide a resolution to the ‘excess’ abundances of Ge, P, W and Mo in the mantle, but the mantle composition alone cannot explain the excess abundances of nickel and cobalt in chondritic proportions. 相似文献