Geology, mineralization, and geochronology of the Qianhe gold deposit, Xiong’ershan area, southern North China Craton

The Qianhe gold deposit in the Xiong’ershan area is located along the southern margin of the Archean-Paleoproterozoic North China Craton. The deposit consists of six orebodies that are hosted in Paleoproterozoic andesites to basaltic andesites and structurally controlled by roughly EW-trending faults. Individual orebodies comprise auriferous quartz veins and disseminated Au-bearing pyrite within hydrothermally altered rocks on both sides of, or close to, the veins. Ore-related hydrothermal alteration has produced various mixtures of K-feldspar, quartz, sericite, chlorite, epidote, carbonate, and sulfides. Pyrite is the most important ore mineral, associated with minor amounts of galena, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. Other trace minerals include molybdenite, arsenopyrite, scheelite, rutile, xenotime, and parisite. Gold occurs mostly as native gold and electrum enclosed in pyrite or along microfractures of sulfides and quartz. Microthermometric measurements of primary inclusions in auriferous quartz suggest that gold and associated minerals were precipitated in the range of 160–305 °C from aqueous or carbonic-aqueous fluids with salinities of 6–22 wt% NaCl equiv. Samples of molybdenite coexisting with Au-bearing pyrite have Re–Os model ages of 134–135 Ma, whereas ore-related hydrothermal sericite separates yield ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau ages between 127 and 124 Ma. The Re–Os and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages are remarkably consistent with zircon U–Pb ages (134.5?±?1.5 and 127.2?±?1.4 Ma; 1σ) of the biotite monzogranite from the Heyu-intrusive complex and granitic dikes in and close to the Qianhe gold mine, indicating a close temporal and thus possibly genetic relationship between gold mineralization and granitic magmatism in the area. Fluid inclusion waters extracted from auriferous quartz have δD values of ?80 to ?72 ‰, whereas the calculated δ ¹⁸O_H2O values range from 3.1 to 3.8 ‰. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopes from this study and previous work indicate that ore fluids were likely derived from degassing of magmas, with addition of minor amounts of meteoric water. Gold mineralization at Qianhe is temporarily coincident with pervasive bimodal magmatism, widespread fault-basin formation, and well development of metamorphic core complexes in the whole eastern North China Craton that have been interpreted as reflecting reactivation of the craton in the late Mesozoic after prolonged stabilization since its formation in the late Paleoproterozoic. It is therefore concluded that the Qianhe gold deposit formed as a result of this craton reactivation event.     

Infrared microthermometric and stable isotopic study of fluid inclusions in wolframite at the Xihuashan tungsten deposit,Jiangxi province,China

The Xihuashan tungsten deposit, Jiangxi province, China, is a world-class vein-type ore deposit hosted in Cambrian strata and Mesozoic granitic intrusions. There are two major sets of subparallel ore-bearing quartz veins. The ore mineral assemblage includes wolframite and molybdenite, with minor amounts of arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite. There are only two-phase aqueous-rich inclusions in wolframite but at least three major types of inclusions in quartz: two- or three-phase CO₂-rich inclusions, two-phase pure CO₂ inclusions and two-phase aqueous inclusions, indicating boiling. Fluid inclusions in wolframite have relatively higher homogenization temperatures and salinities (239–380°C, 3.8–13.7 wt.% NaCl equiv) compared with those in quartz (177–329°C, 0.9–8.1 wt.% NaCl equiv). These distinct differences suggest that those conventional microthermometric data from quartz are not adequate to explain the ore formation process. Enthalpy–salinity plot shows a linear relationship, implying mixing of different sources of fluids. Although boiling occurred during vein-type mineralization, it seems negligible for wolframite deposition. Mixing is the dominant mechanism of wolframite precipitation in Xihuashan. δ³⁴S values of the sulfides range from −1.6 to +0.1‰, indicative of a magmatic source of sulfur. δ¹⁸O values of wolframite are relatively homogeneous, ranging from +4.8‰ to +6.3‰. Oxygen isotope modeling of boiling and mixing processes also indicates that mixing of two different fluids was an important mechanism in the precipitation of wolframite.     

Numerical Experiment for the Impact of the Ozone Hole over Antarctica on the Global Climate

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碳硅钙石在我国的发现

1982年笔者在河北符山矿镁矽卡岩的裂隙中发现了碳硅钙石,具完好的板状晶体,发育有{100},{101},{120},{201}等单形。Ng=1.628,Nm=1.615,Np=1.609,(+)2V=67°;比重为2.76;空间群I2/m;a_o=10.1206,b_o=15.2058,c_o=6.6345;β=100°37′;Z=2.结构式为(Ca_(7.03)Fe_(0.01)Mn_(0.01)K_(0.002))〔Si_6O_(18)〕_(0.98)(CO_3)_1.06·2.1 H_2O,主要X—射线衍射线为3.02(100),2.99(80),2.78(35),2.49(40),1.896(40)。红外光谱有21个吸收带,CO_3群的伸缩振动谱带有明显分裂。DTA曲线表现有240℃及757℃两个吸热谷及895℃的放热峰。该地产出的碳硅钙石是矽卡岩晚期的低温热液矿物,与方解石,钙沸石,雪硅钙石,吉水硅钙石和硅灰石产膏等共生。     

华北地区冬小麦叶片光合作用模型在农业干旱预测中的应用研究

在冬小麦抽穗—灌浆期进行了水分胁迫实验,利用美国Licor公司生产的Licor-188B辐射量子照度仪及Licor-6400便携式光合作用测定仪,对水分胁迫引起的冬小麦光合生理生态变化进行了系统观测,系统地给出了冬小麦多种农业气象指标对水分胁迫的响应状况。在大量实测数据基础上,给出了包含辐射强度、温度及土壤水分因子的冬小麦叶片光合作用模式。该模式具有严格的理论推导过程和大量实验数据的支持,改进了传统水分胁迫对叶片光合速率影响的简单阶乘方法,从而为进一步准确推算水分胁迫对大田冬小麦光合作用的可能影响,以及水分胁迫对区域农业干旱的可能影响奠定了前提条件。该研究是冬小麦干旱预测模型的叶片子模型,为冬小麦农业干旱预测模型提供了丰富的基本参数,同时也为建立冬小麦干旱预测模型奠定了基本条件。     

中印度洋海盆富稀土沉积地球化学特征及富集机制研究

本文对中印度洋海盆深海富稀土沉积区两根柱样GC02和GC06开展了沉积物涂片观察,X-射线衍射分析,主量、微量和稀土元素分析,以及单矿物原位微区地球化学分析等,探讨了其地球化学特征、物质来源及稀土元素（REY）的富集机制。结果表明,GC02柱状沉积物类型为钙质黏土和沸石黏土,GC06柱状沉积物类型为钙质黏土、含沸石黏土和沸石黏土。稀土元素主要在含沸石黏土和沸石黏土中富集。北美页岩标准化（NASC）配分模式指示沉积物的REY主要来源于海水,矿物学和地球化学等特征表明该地区沉积物陆源组分可能主要源于澳大利亚的风尘物质。元素相关性和CaO/P₂O₅比值等指示了深海富稀土沉积中REY的主要赋存矿物为生物磷灰石（鱼牙/骨等）,其次为铁锰微结核。本文总结和探讨了深海富稀土沉积的形成机制,完善了深海富稀土沉积形成过程的概念模型。     

黄河调水调沙影响下的现行三角洲叶瓣冲淤演化格局

基于1986—2013年的黄河水文泥沙资料,研究了黄河实施调水调沙以来入海泥沙在通量和粒度组成上的变化特征,揭示了调水调沙影响下黄河入海泥沙通量增加、悬沙粒径粗化的趋势。从2002年调水调沙实施后,现行黄河三角洲叶瓣由侵蚀转为淤积,现行河口处淤积明显,逐渐形成一个饱满的“楔子”。然而,随着调水调沙的持续冲刷,下游河床逐渐粗化,2006年以后径流的冲刷效率不断降低,入海泥沙通量持续降低、悬沙粒径变细。若维持目前调水调沙流量不变,现行黄河三角洲叶瓣造陆速率将逐渐减缓,甚至可能出现蚀退。     

百年来黄河三角洲东北部毗邻海域沉积记录演化及其影响因素

通过对黄河三角洲东北部毗邻海域采集的多个沉积物岩心,开展系统的沉积物粒度、有机碳氮及其同位素特征的分析,结合210Pb年代测定,探讨研究区近百年来高分辨率的沉积记录及其变化的主要因素。研究表明:岩心O3、M2和B63处于相对稳定的沉积环境中,沉积物的粒度分布都呈阶段性变化但表现出差异性,O3和M2自1976年以来沉积物粒度出现粗化,而距离现行河口较近的B63则变细之后粒度粗化,在沉积物的上段C/N和δ13C的变化都反映了陆源有机质输入的增加。黄河1976年改道使三角洲北部和东部海域的沉积环境发生改变,O3和M2受再悬浮泥沙的影响粒度变粗,废弃三角洲叶瓣再悬浮泥沙对研究区的供给量增加,导致O3和M2接受更多陆源有机质的供给。而B63受到更多较细粒黄河入海泥沙影响,粒度变细,陆源有机质输入也增加。黄河入海水沙的阶段性递减和调水调沙工程导致输运至研究区的细粒物质减少,使岩心B63沉积物上段层位的粒度变粗。     

山东半岛东部近岸表层沉积物放射性核素的季节性变化及其环境指示意义

基于2019年4月、7月、10月、12月渤黄海共享航次取得山东半岛东部近岸H01和H02站位多个季节沉积物样品,通过低本底γ能谱仪分析得到其表层沉积物放射性核素7Be、210Pbex、228Thex和 137Cs活度数据。结果表明,短半衰期核素7Be、228Thex与长半衰期核素210Pbex、137Cs在同一站位的季节分布存在差异,同一核素在H01和H02站位的季节分布也存在差异;H01站位的7Be和228Thex,H02站位的210Pbex和137Cs,受表层沉积物粒度影响较不明显,7Be和228Thex的季节变化受悬浮物质的输运和沉降的影响显著,而210Pbex和137Cs更多指示的是环流作用下的沉积物再分配;与H02相比,H01站位表层沉积物核素变化受大气沉降影响较低。H01和H02站位分别位于“Ω”形泥质体顶部和东部边缘,其物源和沉积动力环境存在差异,放射性核素7Be、210Pbex、228Thex和137Cs在示踪物质输运和沉降过程中具有重要意义。     

黄河清水沟废弃河口冲淤时空变化特征

黄河于1996年人工改汊至清8入海是导致清水沟废弃河口岸线蚀退和海底侵蚀冲刷的主要诱因。但目前有关清水沟废弃河口海底冲淤演化对黄河人工改道的响应的认识尚有不足。因此,利用现代黄河三角洲毗邻海域多年的水深资料和Landsat卫星遥感影像,综合分析了清水沟（废弃）河口在1996—2015年的岸线变化及冲淤时空变化。结果表明：黄河清水沟废弃河口沙嘴两侧蚀退速率的变化存在明显的时空差异性。黄河改道初期（1996—2002年）,研究区海底冲刷速率较快,年均冲刷速率约为0.03～0.05 km3/a;2002—2007年,研究区海底冲刷速率大幅降低至约0.02 km3/a;2007—2010年,随着黄河口位置再次向北迁移,研究区海底年均冲刷速率增大至约0.026 km3/a;2010—2015年,研究区海底年均冲刷速率减缓至约0.01 km3/a,远小于1996—2002年黄河改道初期时的水平。同时,基于Delft3D模式构建了黄河三角洲高分辨率三维水动力模型,定量研究了清水沟废弃河口潮流与冬季波浪变化对海底冲淤变化的影响,结果表明波浪和潮流在河口侵蚀过程中扮演着不同的角色。一方面,潮流与波浪在三角洲前缘斜坡处形成的高底剪切应力区是使得该区域形成侵蚀中心的主要原因。清水沟废弃河口岸线不断向陆方向蚀退以及侵蚀冲刷所造成的研究区整体水深增加使得潮流与波浪对海底的侵蚀冲刷作用逐渐减弱,最终使得近年来研究区海底冲刷速率不断减缓。另外,波浪在河口近岸区形成的高底剪切应力是造成河嘴两侧叶瓣差异侵蚀和近岸区形成侵蚀中心的主要动力机制。同时,潮流、波浪与海底冲淤变化间的相互作用对于该区域冲淤演化模式有着重要影响。