Scalar Flux–Gradient Relationships Under Unstable Conditions over Water in Coastal Regions

The scalar flux–gradient relationships of temperature ( $\phi _{T}$ ? T ) and specific humidity ( $\phi _{q}$ ? q ) under unstable conditions are investigated using eddy-covariance measurements of air–sea turbulent fluxes and vertical profiles of temperature and specific humidity collected from a marine meteorological platform. The gradients of temperature and specific humidity are obtained from measurements at five heights above the sea surface using the log-square fitting method and the simpler first-order approximation method. The two methods yield similar results. The proposed flux–gradient relationships $\phi _{T}$ ? T and $\phi _{q}$ ? q covers a wide range of instability: the stability parameter $\zeta $ ζ ranges from $-$ ? 0.1 to $-$ ? 50. The functional form of the proposed flux–gradient relationships is an interpolation between the Businger–Dyer relation and the free convection relation, which includes the “ $-$ ? 1/2” and “ $-$ ? 1/3” scaling laws at two different stability regimes. The widely used COARE 3.0 algorithm, which is an interpolation between the integrals of the Businger–Dyer and the free convection relations, is also evaluated and compared. The analysis and comparisons show that both schemes generate reasonable values of $\phi _{q}$ ? q in the whole unstable regime. The COARE 3.0 algorithm, however, overestimates $\phi _{T}$ ? T values under very unstable conditions. The errors in the flux–gradient relationships induced by the random errors in the turbulence measurements are assessed. When the random errors are taken into account, the observations agree with predictions of various schemes fairly well, implying that the dominant transport mechanism is adequately captured by the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. The study also shows that $\phi _{q}$ ? q is significantly ${>}\phi _{T}$ > ? T under unstable conditions and that the ratio $\phi _{q}/\phi _{T}$ ? q / ? T increases with $-\zeta $ ? ζ . The ratio of $\phi _{q}$ ? q to $\phi _{T}$ ? T and the ratio of turbulent transport efficiencies of heat and water vapour ( $R_{wT}/R_{wq}$ R wT / R wq ) suggest that heat is transported more efficiently than water vapour under unstable conditions.     

Correlation of karst agricultural geo-environment with non-karst agricultural geo-environment with respect to nutritive elements in Guizhou

The karst area accounts for 61.9% of the total area in Guizhou Province, which gives rise to a fragile environment and backward economy. Comparative studies on the element contents of rock and soil and agriculture production in both carbonate area and non-carbonate area have been made to establish factors leading to low output and poor quality of agricultural products in the karst area. The result shows that there is an apparent lack of nutrient elements in carbonate rocks. The trace element contents of carbonate rocks are only 3532.27×10-6, but those of non-carbonate rocks are 10894.21×10-6. The available element contents in culti-vated soil delivered from carbonate rocks are merely 101.4×10-6, but those from non-carbonate rocks are 326.05×10-6. The available element contents and total element contents in cultivated soil delivered from non-carbonate rocks are 3 times higher than those from carbonate rocks. Besides, high-quality agricultural products such as rice, potato and tea are mainly produced in the non-carbonate area. It is indicated that the low output and quality of agricultural products are caused by the above-mentioned low trace element contents and poor agricultural environment. Therefore, a new method of mineral nutrients compensation has been put forward, which is very effective to raise the load-bearing capacity of agricultural environment, agricultural output and quality of agricultural products.     

大理机场雷暴特征及潜势预报分析

利用大理机场5年天气观测资料和FNL 1.0X1.0数据,对大理机场雷暴特征及潜势预报进行分析,结果发现：大理机场全年各月都有可能出现雷暴天气,雷暴天气主要出现在6~9月,每年7月和8月雷暴天气出现最为频繁;雷暴天气持续时间0~1小时的次数最多,持续时间1~2小时的雷暴也比较常见,持续时间4~6小时的次数较少,没有出现持续时间6小时以上的雷暴;雷暴可以出现在大理机场的任何方向,出现在东边的次数最多,出现在天顶的次数最少;雷暴初期平均在1月31日,雷暴终期平均在11月14日,雷暴的初期和终期年际差别较大。选取对流有效位能、500hPa相对湿度、0度层高度、近地表四层等压面的抬升指数和可降水量作为预报因子建立大理机场雷暴预报方程,预报方程是显著的,有较好的雷暴潜势预报能力。     

微波成像生命探测仪地震模拟环境测试方法研究

破坏性地震发生后,埋压人员的快速搜索是地震救援工作成功的重要因素。微波成像生命探测仪作为当前废墟搜索的装备之一,近年来得到了广泛应用。但救援队利用现有综合训练场地进行该类装备的测试方法,在装备针对性测试和深度功能认知方面存在着一定局限性,影响了微波成像生命探测仪的现场使用效率和技术发展。为此,本文在充分调研国内外主流地震模拟废墟训练场地的基础上,提出了相关的改进意见,结合汶川地震废墟三维采集数据和队伍实战经验,给出微波搜索装备综合测试方法,并在国家地震紧急救援训练基地完成了测试平台的搭建,取得较好的装备测试效果,为应急救援装备电子化和标准化测试提供参考。     

Map-matching algorithm for large-scale low-frequency floating car data

Large-scale global positioning system (GPS) positioning information of floating cars has been recognised as a major data source for many transportation applications. Mapping large-scale low-frequency floating car data (FCD) onto the road network is very challenging for traditional map-matching (MM) algorithms developed for in-vehicle navigation. In this paper, a multi-criteria dynamic programming map-matching (MDP-MM) algorithm is proposed for online matching FCD. In the proposed MDP-MM algorithm, the MDP technique is used to minimise the number of candidate routes maintained at each GPS point, while guaranteeing to determine the best matching route. In addition, several useful techniques are developed to improve running time of the shortest path calculation in the MM process. Case studies based on real FCD demonstrate the accuracy and computational performance of the MDP-MM algorithm. Results indicated that the MDP-MM algorithm is competitive with existing algorithms in both accuracy and computational performance.     

山西霍山山脉河流地貌定量参数及其构造意义

河流地貌形态定量研究是了解构造活动与地表过程耦合作用的重要途径之一.霍山山脉位于山西地堑系中部,介于临汾盆地和太原盆地之间,以发育霍山山前断裂带和1303年洪洞Ms8级地震而著名,通过分析跨断裂带及周边的48条河流的纵剖面形态、SL参数、Hack剖面、面积高程积分曲线以及HI值等,得到以下认识:1)跨断裂带的河流,其纵剖面在断层两侧的形态具明显差异,反映其受断层活动控制,而其他河流,除极少部分在上游存在局部陡变外,纵剖面为近似下凹的指数曲线形态显示近均衡状态;2)河流的HI值及积分曲线显示了霍山地区新生代以来整体处于强抬升弱侵蚀状态,即所有河流均处于壮年或幼年期;3)48条河流一致上凸的Hack剖面也表明霍山地区新生代以来处于强烈的构造抬升阶段,跨断裂带的Hack剖面形态以陡变下降而区别与其他河流的近似圆弧形;4)跨断裂带河流的SL/K参数在断层附近出现异常高值,反映了SL/K参数与断层垂直差异运动的相关性,周边其他河流的SL/K参数反映了没有差异运动的准均衡状态,局部的异常高值可能对应不同基岩的抗风化能力差异.河流地貌定量参数与构造环境存在显著的相关性,河流地貌定量参数特征揭示霍山山前断裂带在新生代以来的强烈垂向运动特征.     

Safety culture assessment of petroleum enterprises based on SMART

This paper introduces an improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model specially designed for the safety culture assessment of petroleum enterprises. The model is established based on the authors’ years of experience in this field. The index system of the safety assessment mentioned herein is based on SMART safety culture principles, covering safety material, safety behavior, safety system, safety belief, persistence of safety, and openness of safety. The proposed system also includes the safety material culture, in which on-the-spot analysis of the key factors of safety culture is conducted together with duty consultants. All the fuzzy membership indexes and their degrees were weighed and calculated with the final evaluation results, presented in accordance with the analytic hierarchy process. All the safety culture statuses of petroleum enterprises Z, S, and C were then incorporated into detailed analysis. The results of the application confirm that the levels of safety culture follow the order of Z petroleum enterprise 相似文献   

基于指标规范化的水安全评价组合极值公式

在选取各项指标参照值并设定相应规范变换式的基础上,将参数多元组合算子加以改进,提出适用于多区域、多项指标的、具有普适性的水安全评价组合极值公式,并采用粒子群算法优化公式中的参数。将优化好的具有普适性的组合极值公式应用于实例分析计算,评价结果与其他多种方法的评价结果一致,表明该公式的实用性和可行性。由于基于指标规范化的组合极值公式不受评价指标数目多少的限制,为水安全评价模型的普适化、简单化提供了一条途径。     

Magma mixing revealed from in situ zircon U–Pb–Hf isotope analysis of the Muhuguan granitoid pluton, eastern Qinling Orogen, China: implications for late Mesozoic tectonic evolution

In this paper, we present zircon U–Pb age and Hf isotope data to document the significance of magma mixing in the formation of Late Jurassic granitoid intrusions in the eastern Qinling Orogen, China. The Muhuguan granitoid pluton from this orogen consists of monzogranite and lesser biotite granite and granodiorite, all containing abundant hornblende-rich cumulates, dioritic xenoliths, and mafic magmatic enclaves (MMEs). The monzogranite and granodiorite are intruded by a number of lamprophyre dykes. Both a cumulate and a dioritic xenolith samples have concordant zircon U–Pb ages of ca. 161 ± 1 Ma, but possess contrasting Hf isotopic compositions. The cumulate has more radiogenic zircon Hf isotopes with negative ε _Hf(t) values (?7.9 to ?2.5) and T _DM1 ages of 0.9–1.1 Ga, indicating its derivation likely from basaltic rocks of the Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic Kuanping Group in the area. The dioritic xenolith has much lower zircon ε _Hf(t) values of ?19.5 to ?8.8 and T _DM2 ages of 2.4–1.7 Ga, consistent with a juvenile Paleoproterozoic crust source presumably represented by the metabasic rocks of the Qinling Group in the area. Individual samples of the monzogranite, MME, and a lamprophyre dyke have U–Pb ages of 150 ± 1, 152 ± 1, and 152 ± 1 Ma, respectively, demonstrating coeval mafic and felsic magmatism in the Late Jurassic. The lamprophyre dyke has homogeneous, highly negative zircon ε _Hf(t) values (?29.8 to ?24.8) and Archean T _DM2 ages (3.0–2.7 Ga), and its genesis is interpreted as partial melting of an ancient enriched subcontinental mantle source. Zircons from the fine-grained MME show a large range of ε _Hf(t) between ?29.1 and ?9.8, overlapping values of the monzogranite and lamprophyre dyke samples. Zircon U–Pb age and Hf isotopes of the MMEs are consistent with their formation by mixing of crustal- and enriched mantle-derived magmas. The main group of zircons from the monzogranite has ε _Hf(t) values (?17.9 to ?9.3) and T _DM2 ages (2.3–1.8 Ga) that are compatible with the dioritic xenoliths, indicating that the former was produced by partial melting of Paleoproterozoic crustal source with involvement of mantle-derived magmas. Mafic magmatism revealed from the Muhuguan pluton indicates that the eastern Qinling Orogen was dominated by lithospheric extension during the Late Jurassic. Compilation of existing geological and geochronological data suggests that this extensional event started in Late Jurassic (ca. 160 Ma) and persisted into the Early Cretaceous until ca. 110 Ma. The Jura-Cretaceous extension may have resulted from the late Mesozoic westward subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the East Asian continental margin.     

Long-term trend analysis of wave characteristics in the Bohai Sea based on interpolated ERA5 wave reanalysis from 1950 to 2020

Reasonably understanding of the long-term wave characteristics is very crucial for the ocean engineering. A feedforward neural network is operated for interpolating ERA5 wave reanalysis in this study, which embodies a detailed record from 1950 onwards. The spatiotemporal variability of wave parameters in the Bohai Sea, especially the significant wave height (SWH), is presented in terms of combined wave, wind wave and swell by employing the 71 years (1950–2020) of interpolated ERA5 reanalysis. Annual mean SWH decreases at ?0.12 cm/a estimated by Theil-Sen estimator and 95th percentile SWH reflecting serve sea states decreases at ?0.20 cm/a. Inter-seasonal analysis shows SWH of wind wave has steeper decreasing trend with higher slopes than that of swell, especially in summer and winter, showing the major decrease may attribute to the weakening of monsoon. The inner Bohai Sea reveals a general decreasing trend while the intersection connecting with the Yellow Sea has the lower significance derived by Mann-Kendall test. Meanwhile, 95th percentile SWH decreases at a higher rate while with a lower significance in comparison with the mean state. The frequencies of mean wave directions in sub-sector are statistically calculated to find the seasonal prevailing directions. Generally, the dominant directions in summer and winter are south and north. A similar variation concerning to SWH, the trend of the mean wave period is provided, which also shows a decrease for decades.