Novel C15 sesquiterpanes and their origin in different crude oils from the Pearl River Mouth Basin of China

In the saturate fractions of crude oils from the Zhu1 and Zhu2 depressions of the Pearl River Mouth Basin,two novel C_(15) sesquiterpanes have been detected except for drimanes and rearranged drimanes.By comparison with spectra and retention times in previous studies,they have been identified as 2,2,4α,7,8-pentamethyl-trans-decalin and 2,2,4α,7,8-pentamethyl-cis-decalin,respectively,which are related to the D/Eringsof18α(H)-and18β(H)-oleanane.ResultsshowthatthenovelC15sesquiterpanesarerelativelyabundantincondensateoilsthathavehighPr/PhratiosandarerichinterrigenoustriterpanessuchasoleananeandbicadinanesfromtheZhu2depression,butevidentlylowinlacustrineoilsthathavelowPr/Phratiosandarerichin4-methylsteranesfromtheZhu1depression.ThissuggeststhatthenovelC15sesquiterpanescouldberelatedtoterrigenousorganicmatterinoriginandcanhelpdistinguishtheoriginandsourceofcrudeoilsinthestudyarea.Inaddition,thereexistcompletelydifferentcorrelationsbetweentherelativeabundancesofdifferentC15sesquiterpanesthathavedifferentsourcesandthePr/Phratio,whichindicatesredoxconditionsinthecrudeoils.Forexample,thenovelC15sesquiterpanesandcadinanethatindicateterrigenousinputarepositivelycorrelatedwiththePr/Phratio,butdrimanesandrearrangeddrimaneshavingmicrobialoriginarenegativelycorrelatedwiththePr/Phratio.ThisimpliesthattheformationofthenovelC15sesquiterpanesrequiresrelativelyoxicconditions.ThenovelC15sesquiterpanesaremuchmoreabundantincarbonaceousmudstone(Pr/Ph=7.39)thanindarkmudstone(Pr/Ph=2.19)fromtheEnpingformation,althoughtheirorganicmatterishumic.However,theyarenotcommoninsapropeliclacustrinesourcerocks(Pr/Ph=2.29)fromtheWenchangFormation.Thissuggeststhatterrigenousorganicmatterisonlyasufficientcondition,butanoxicenvironmentduringdepositionanddiagenesismaybeaprerequisitefortheformationofnovelC15sesquiterpanes.     

Rise and fall of recent Chinese coastal resort development: Case of Beihai Silver Beach, Guangxi, China

Based upon a case study of Silver Beach coastal resort of Beihai, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, this article examines the rise and fall of Chinese coastal tourist resort development since the 1980s. It explores the causes for and responses to the decline of Chinese coastal resorts. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with twelve local key information providers, and secondary information sources such as government archives, survey reports, and resort plans. It was found that the rise and fall of Chinese coastal resorts in the last three decades is closely linked to the transitional reform from a central planned economy to a market economy. Three stages of coastal tourism development were identified in a sequence of rapid growth, decline and redevelopment. It was government financial funds and high local government involvement that promoted the rapid expansion of coastal resorts during the 1980s. However, coastal resort decline occurred when transitional reform was intensified and deflationary policy executed after 1992. Institutional failure is found to be the main reason of Chinese coastal resorts decline since the mid-1990s. The government-dominated pattern could not be sustained and should be restructured in forthcoming coastal tourism development in China. Revival strategies should emphasize enhancing market-oriented reform in the declining resorts on both supply and demand sides.     

Determining tidal turbine farm efficiency in the Western Passage using the disc actuator theory

Tidal power potential is determined across the Western Passage in Passamaquoddy Bay using the Finite Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM). The tidal turbines are implemented in FVCOM using the disc actuator theory method to determine the power potential for different densities and arrangements of tidal turbines. At the most efficient setting for 10 turbines across the Western Passage, the optimal turbine drag coefficient is 2.0 and the average power output, in a 2-week period, is ～819 kW. Results suggest that for a single row of turbines, the addition of turbines decreases the efficiency of the turbine farm, but this decrease in efficiency is less than 7 %. A parallel distribution of turbines in an array diminishes the average power for turbines in the shadow of other turbines, while staggered distribution in an array increases the average power extraction for some turbines, due to the speed gains in the gaps between turbines. A simple tidal farm optimization using the OpenTidalFarm (OTF) model suggests a similar tidal farm distribution.     

如何解决温度变化对气压检定箱内压力的影响

通过测试YE1-1型气压检定箱箱内温度变化时箱内压力值的变化,分析温度变化对箱内压力产生的影响。从而进一步说明在检定过程中,应确保检定箱远离热源,避免室温波动过大。测试表明,在常压下,密闭压力检定箱,并缓慢小幅度给予加温,箱内压力因温度增高而增大,稳定性差,导致检定数据失真。     

基于BP-CCA法的福建春季降水因子分析

利用BP-CCA方法,分析了1961-2005年间500 hPa高度场和北太平洋海温场与福建春季降水量之间的关系,结果表明:这一方法为寻找降水预测的前兆信号提供了一条可行的途径,同时得出前兆因子对福建春雨都有不同程度的影响,其中以西太平洋副热带高压、ENSO现象以及太平洋西风漂流区影响最大.     

Recent tree-growth reduction in north central China as a combined result of a weakened monsoon and atmospheric oscillations

Tree-ring records are a valuable source of information for understanding long-term, regional-scale drought changes. In this study, a tree ring width chronology spanning the last 330?years (A.D. 1681–2010) is developed for the northern fringe of the Asian summer monsoon in north central China based on tree ring widths of the Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) at three sites in the Hasi Mountain (HSM). An annual (running from the previous August to the present July) Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) series is reconstructed for the period A.D. 1698 to 2010 using a linear regression model. This reconstruction accounts for 49?% of the actual PDSI variance during the calibration period (A.D.1951–2005). During the last past 330?years, the year 1759 drought was the most severe and the 1926–1932 drought was the most long-lasting. These drought episodes resulted in huge economic losses and severe famine. Similar periods of drought are also found in the Great Bend of the Yellow River region, northeastern Tibetan Plateau and northern China. Our drought reconstruction is consistent with the dry-wet index derived from historical documents for the Great Bend of the Yellow River region for the last three centuries, revealing that our annual PDSI reconstruction reflects broad-scale climate anomalies and represents drought variations in the northern fringe of the Asian summer monsoon. The PDSI reconstruction correlates significantly with sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean and northern Indian Ocean at an annual timescale, implying that El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation and the Indian monsoon might be influencing drought variability in the study area. Some extremely dry years of 1707, 1764, 1837, 1854, 1878, 1884, 1926 and 1932 coincided with major El Ni?o events in historical times. The decadal-scale variability is linked to Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and SST variations in the Atlantic Ocean. The observed recent tree growth reduction is unusual when viewed from a long-term perspective.     

海底泥流的流变试验及强度模型

海底泥流是海底斜坡发生失稳滑动后,经复杂的水土交换作用演变成的稀式海底滑坡体,表现出土体和流体的双重特征,而现有的测试方法难以获得低剪切应变率下连续变化的强度值,不能很好地揭示其综合强度特性。利用新型全流动贯入仪和RST流变仪,对模拟海底泥流在不同剪切应变率下的流变和强度特性进行了多组试验研究,并基于试验结果分析了不排水剪切强度、屈服应力和表观黏度与含水率的相关性。基于剪切稀化理论,提出分阶段拟合模式来描述海底泥流从低剪切应变率到中高剪切应变率的流变关系;通过多种常规流变模式拟合结果的对比分析,显示出新流变模式的适用性和优势。考虑强度软化的影响,建立了全剪切应变率范围内海底泥流的不排水剪切强度模型,为海底泥流运动过程的数值模拟和灾害评价提供科学依据。     

云南个旧南部含矿断裂带与成矿元素空间展布特征--以龙树脚断裂为例

文章以龙树脚断裂为例,系统分析了个旧南部地区含矿断裂带的空间展布特征以及矿体和成矿元素在断裂带中的分布特征.提出在含矿断裂带走向和倾向的波状起伏部位、含矿元素分布向深部延伸的部位仍有较大的找矿空间.     

A possible satellite of 9 Metis

We attempted by means of photographic observations to search for satellites of asteroids in 1979 and 1980. An elongation of the image of 9 Metis has been detected on plates taken during 6 nights. The data suggest that there is a possible satellite with an orbital period of approximately 4.61 days and a mean distance of approximately 1100 km. We tabulate orbital parameters as well as predicted and observed position angles. A comparison with the secondary occultation results taken on 11.35 December 1979 is discussed.