干旱区与全球变化——以末次气候旋回为例

目前,我们已获得很多数据,据此可对过去13万年以来亚洲和非洲干旱带气候演化历史与全球变化记录做一对比。在年代学数据可大致对比的前提下,这些气候参数显示出共同变化的特征。它们是:(1)由地球轨道变化引起的太阳辐射变化;(2)海洋表面温度变化;     

一种飓风数值预报的初值化方法

本文使用具有Gallelean变换和详细动量、热量垂直输送通量描述的飓风动力方程组,由切向风速得到垂直运动场、加热场等,结果表明了垂直运动场和加热场具有明显的螺旋雨带特征,温度场有暖心结构及其位势高度场具有深低压特征,这些特征和实际观测结果相吻合。这个方法为飓风数值预报初始场提供了可行的方法。 用数值方法预报飓风的发生发展和路经及降水分布是飓风研究的一种主要方法。但是,对于数值预报飓风的初始场的确定仍是一个没有彻底解决的问题。在过去的初始场处理中,大致分几种,一种是初始场全部采用理想化的低压扰动,另一种则是用实际资料得到环境流场然后再加上一个理想化的     

A limited area model for monsoon prediction

A six level regional primitive equation model has been formulated and tested for monsoon prediction. The model uses dynamic normal mode initialization scheme for obtaining initial balance. The physical processes included are: the large scale condensation, the Kuo type of cumulus convection, the surface friction, the sensible heat supply and evap-oration over the sea. The actual smooth orography is included. The model has been integrated for 48 hrs using input of 7 July and 8 August 1979 when the domain of integration was dominated by an intense monsoon depression. In order to investigate the model simulation of formative stage of the depression, the model was also integrated using input of 4 July 1979.Furthermore, the envelope orography has been constructed and included in the model for investigating its effects on the monsoon prediction. Results of the model forecast are presented and discussed.     

ESTIMATION OF VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY USING SATELLITE DATA

In this paper,an attempt has been made to find out the vertical distribution of RH at levels of 850,700 and 500 hPa by using satellite-derived radiation parameters (i.e.,albedo,outgoing longwave fluxes,absorbed solar radiation and net radiation).For this purpose,multiple regression equations are derived from MONEX-79 upsonde and dropsonde data over the Arabian Sea for the period 11-20 June 1979.Satellite-estimated RH fields have been compared with ECMWF RH fields obtained from FGGE level ⅢB data.The RMS error and error variance for satellite-estimated RH fields have been found to be less than for those of ECMWF.Satellite-estimated isohygric patterns show good agreement with the cloudiness patterns of GOES satellite,whereas ECMWF isohygric patterns do not show much resemblance with the cloudiness patterns.The results of the study suggest that satellite-estimated RH fields could be more useful than ECMWF RHfields and they can be used with some confidence in NWP models.     

ON THE USE OF MOVABLE-BED MODELS FOR RIVER PROBLEMS:A STATE-OF-THE-ART

I. INTRODUCTIONMore than a decade ago, under tile auspices of DELFT HYDRAULICS an overview on the use ofmodels for river problems was given (de Vries & van der Zwaard. 1975). Since then a better understanding of morphological processes in rivers has been obtained, their mathematical formulation hasbeen improved and computer facilities have been expended. Scale models and mathematical models arein use. but their field of application is gradually changing. It seems that the better ma…     

碱性岩中新矿物的比较晶体化学

在科拉半岛和北乌拉尔的碱性岩中近来发现了五种新矿物.莫斯科大学结晶学系在近三年的时间里测定了这些矿物的结构.本篇评论概述了这些矿物的结构测定结果.Grumantite(Na[Si_2O_4(OH)].H_2O),产于Lovezero碱性岩块,其结构中存在一种新型的间断骨架,这种骨架是四面体络合基(T_2O_5)的非典型的结构形式.它的形式与(OH)-基的存在有关,羟基使得每个配位四面体内的平均负电荷减少.Clinobehoite[Be(OH)_2],产于北乌拉尔的脱硅伟晶岩内,与其他Be矿物:硅铍钙石、锂铍脆云母及富铁高岭石共生.它的结构由三层Be四面体层组成的结构单元层之间以氢键相连而构成.在Clinobehoite的红外光谱中明确地揭示出不同类型的氢键的存在.     

The ethics of population control in rural China, 1979-92

This article identifies some issues of importance in understanding China's policy of population control. This article presents evidence of trends in fertility, population policy, family planning, and socioeconomic change; and then discusses the conflict between fertility preferences and policy that is evident from studies of ideal family size and sex ratios. Some issues that are identified as "uncertain" include the extent of spread of family planning service delivery and its associated insurance schemes, local family planning policies and cadre responsibility systems, the demand for children, the demand for female children, the economic and environmental consequences of population growth, the fairness of reproductive restrictions and their application, and the extent of coercion in the later-longer-fewer policy era. It is argued that an ethical framework for analyzing China's population policy should include answers to questions about the harm to welfare from population growth, the government's right to demand voluntary reproductive sacrifice or to impose demographic or reproductive restrictions and punishment, and the government's right to impose coercion. If it is accepted that population growth in China has adverse consequences and its control would be beneficial to all, then it must be determined what the nature of the relationship should be between the state and the individual. The author refers to Walzer's (1983) position that the legitimacy of Chinese state power depends in part on whether political leaders at all levels are competent and not corrupt. The rights and duties of the government and individuals must be understood not just in terms of political legitimacy but also in terms of social justice. Social justice is dependent upon the degree of horizontal and vertical consultation and accountability, utilitarian consequences, and protected spheres of individual judgement. Utilitarian theories justify the one-child policy, while deontological theories support reproductive freedom as an absolute right.     

甘南地区三个特大型金矿主矿体及矿石特征 对比分析

甘南地区自20世纪90年代初以来以甘肃省地矿局第三勘查院为主要勘查单位,用20余年的时间,在甘南地区已发现和探明了3处特大-超大型、3处大型、10处中型共16处中型以上金矿矿产地,确立了夏河-合作和玛曲-碌曲两个金矿富集区,本文对玛曲县大水、合作市早子沟和夏河县加甘滩三个特大-超大型金矿的主矿体及矿石特征做一初步的总结和对比分析