Data processing and initial results from the CE-3 Extreme Ultraviolet Camera

The Extreme Ultraviolet Camera(EUVC) onboard the Chang'e-3(CE-3)lander is used to observe the structure and dynamics of Earth's plasmasphere from the Moon. By detecting the resonance line emission of helium ions(He+) at 30.4 nm, the EUVC images the entire plasmasphere with a time resolution of 10 min and a spatial resolution of about 0.1 Earth radius(RE) in a single frame. We first present details about the data processing from EUVC and the data acquisition in the commissioning phase, and then report some initial results, which reflect the basic features of the plasmasphere well. The photon count and emission intensity of EUVC are consistent with previous observations and models, which indicate that the EUVC works normally and can provide high quality data for future studies.     

Combination Scattering by Anisotropic Langmuir Turbulence with Application to Solar Radar Experiments

We develop a theory for radar signal scattering by anisotropic Langmuir turbulence in the solar corona due to a t+l ⇄ t process. Langmuir turbulence is assumed to be generated within a cone by a narrow type III burst electron beam. Using wave-kinetic theory we obtain expressions for the frequency shift, scattering cross-section of the turbulence, coefficient of absorption (due to scattering) and optical depth. On the basis of those expressions we give some estimates for an echo spectrum. We show that the minimum radar echo frequency shift is determined by the minimal phase velocity of the Langmuir waves, the maximum shift is determined by the electron beam velocity, but in any case it can not exceed −wt/2 (decay) and wt (coalescence), where wt is the frequency of a radar signal. The angular characteristics of the scattered signal differ dramatically for the cases of coalescence and decay. The signal is scattered into a narrow cone high above the specular reflection point (wp ≪ wt), but in the vicinity of wp ∼ wt/2 the red-shifted echo is scattered isotropically, while the blue-shifted echo is scattered into a even narrower cone. We show that absorption (due to scattering) increases with increasing radar frequency. The dependence of the absorption on the local plasma frequency is strongly determined by the Langmuir turbulence spectrum. Our theory shows that the role of the nonlinear scattering process t+l ⇄ t is essential and that such process can be used for radar studies of the spectral energy density of anisotropic Langmuir turbulence.     

A Method to Determine the Solar Synodic Rotation Rate and the Height of Tracers

The dependence of the measured apparent synodic solar rotation rate on the height of the chosen tracer is studied. A significant error occurs if the rotation rate is determined by tracing the apparent position of an object above the photospheric level projected on the solar disc. The centre-to-limb variation of this error can be used to determine simultaneously the height of the object and the true synodic rotation rate. The apparent (projected) heliographic coordinates are presented as a function of the height of the traced object and the coordinates of its footpoint. The relations obtained provide an explicit expression for the apparent rotation rate as a function of the observed heliographic coordinates of the tracer, enabling an analytic least-squares fit expression to determine simultaneously the real synodic rotation rate and the height of the tracer.     

毛乌素沙区腹地提高飞播成效的技术措施研究

飞播治沙造林作为一项快速有效的现代化造林措施,已经成为鄂尔多斯毛乌素沙区腹地植被恢复与建设的重要手段。长期的飞播造林实践表明：①在飞播区,设置沙障是提高飞播成效的重要途径。设置平铺式间距4 m行列式沙障和直立式间距6 m行列式沙障,飞播物种成苗率较高,比对照（CK）区的成苗率高出36.5%~37.1%。②飞播种子包衣、丸化处理,均能促进成苗,包衣处理更有利于飞播植物生长。飞播种子包衣、丸化处理与裸种相比,成苗率分别提高了10.6%和13.72%。而且包衣种子播后15 d,其根长、根条数、地径和高生长比对照分别高出11.93 mm、0.9条、0.29 mm和3.24 mm。③不论是在何种立地条件下,经过地面处理的样方内的飞播种子成苗量明显高于对照区样方内的成苗量,其中,采取综合措施的破土处理效果最好,成苗量是对照区的6~8倍。     

产业结构高度化对城市生产性空间的影响研究

以产业结构升级的主要途径--产业结构高度化为切入点,在分析产业结构高度化实现的两种方式,即产业结构横向高级化和产业结构纵向高级化的基础上,仅以空间经济为视角,运用阿隆索(W.Alonso)的竞标地租理论,分析了产业结构横向高级化、产业结构纵向高级化分别对城市工业和服务提供空间的影响,指出了城市生产性空间布局的演变有其内在规律性,以及违背产业发展规律而强行重组城市空间的危害性.只有根据产业结构高度化的实现方式并结合产业类型,有针对性地提供发展空间才有助于社会经济发展.     

不同种植方式下柽柳光合生理参数光响应特性研究

为选择合适的间套模式,在塔干沙漠南缘绿洲外围利用Li-6400光合作用仪对四种种植模式(行间混交、带状混交、块状混交、块状套作)下多年生多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramasissima ledeb.)的光合水分生理指标对有效光辐射(PAR)的响应进行测定。结果表明:(1)柽柳具有高光饱和点(679~822μmol·m^-2·s^-1)和高光补偿点(50.0~61.1μmol·m^-2·s^-1)。(2)不同的光照强度和种植方式对柽柳净光合速率有明显的影响(p<0.01),当0< PAR< 1500μmol·m^-2·s^-1,除胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)外柽柳的各项生理指标均随光照的增强而增加。(3) PAR>1500μmol·m^-2·s^-1后,块状套作和块状混交气孔导度(Gs)下降,行间混交和带状混交Gs则随光强增加而递增;带状混交下胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均随光强增加而递增,其他3种种植方式下Ci和Tr均呈递减或平稳趋势。(4) 4种种植方式下柽柳光响应曲线的特征参数存在着差异(P<0.05),带状混交下的光饱和速率、光饱和点、表观量子效率均最高,块状混交的暗呼吸速率最大,水分利用效率(WUE)随着光强的增强而逐步增大,依次表现为带状混交>块状混交>行间混交>块状套作。通过4种种植方式柽柳光响应特征的综合分析可知,带状混交下的柽柳具有高光合和高水分利用效率的特点,对于极端干旱的塔南地区而言,该种植方式下的柽柳生理特征表现出最好的适应性。     

低山丘陵区土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响—以河北省遵化市为例

通过调查河北省遵化市低山丘陵区油松林、板栗、草地和坡耕地等典型土地利用方式对土壤养分和土壤容重的影响，土地取样取土壤表层0-20cm，结果表明，森林的砍伐以及随后的耕种显著增加了土壤容重并降低了大部分土壤养分。和林地相比，草地、当年开垦的农地、板栗和耕种3年的农地容重分别增加了13.3%，14.2%,27.5%,39.7%。除全磷外，板栗和耕种3年的农地土壤养分有显著下降，和林地相比，板栗有机质减少了60.7%，全氮减少了35.6%，全钾减少了21.3%，速效钾减少了57%；耕种3年的农地土壤有机质、全氮、全钾和速效钾则分别减少了62.9%,52.6%,31%和60%。土壤退化指数的计算结果表明板栗和耕种3年的农地土壤发生了较为严重的退化。     

云南旅游非均衡态势与演替分析

旅游业是云南省经济发展的重要支柱产业,经过近30年的发展,全省的旅游空间格局客观上已形成了“一中心四线五区”的局面。由于资源禀赋条件、开发历史和旅游基础设施的区域差异,六大旅游区的旅游经济在近年的演替规律和目前发展态势呈现出显著的非均衡性特征。从1998—2006年全省以及六大旅游区所包括的市（州）的旅游经济相关统计数据和相应的测算指标表明,六大旅游区的旅游经济形成了以滇中旅游区为中心的“西重东轻”、两极分化的整体格局,旅游经济发展的绝对差异与相对差异近年来总体趋势呈现出一定的规律性变化——绝对差异不断扩大,相对差异逐步缩小,并且云南区域旅游的非均衡态势将长期存在。     

江南南部—华南北部前汛期严重旱涝诊断分析

利用江南南部—华南北部区域18个站45年（1951～1995年）4～6月降水资料计算了Z指数,确定出该区域严重涝年（1954、1962、1968、1973、1975年）和严重旱年（1958、1963、1967、1985、1991年）。分析了严重旱涝的频数分布和空间分布的特征,以及印度洋和太平洋整个赤道地区的SSTA、OLR距平场的分布。结果表明旱涝年SSTA、OLR距平场均有明显的差异。