Thermal effect on the pulses of the rotating Sun

In this paper, a theoretical investigation is undertaken of the group travel-time for the Sun's pulses to travel from the source of the pulse to the solar surface. For mathematical simplicity, we consider a simple ionized model of the Sun that includes the thermal effect and rotation with uniform angular velocity. The expression for the group travel time gives two terms: the term arising from the linear theory which varies inversely to (2-)^1/2 and the term introduced by the thermal effect which is inversely proportional to (2-)^7/2. The thermal effect variation has been shown and an estimation of the temperature of the medium has been made. Furthermore, the velocity distribution and the amplitude of the magnetic field of the wave, arising from the damping of ionized particles, have been calculated.     

Phenomenological theory of gravitational vacuum

An idea is developed that the vacuum in the gravitational field acquires properties of an elastic medium described by a definite tension _ik . The vacuum is stated to also participate in the formation of the space-time metric, together with the usual matter. So, the matter, vacuum and metric form a complex unity determined by the solution of the field equations. The vacuum may prove to play an essential role in the extremely strong fields existing in superdense celestial bodies. The tensor _ik is not to be identified with the pseudo-tensor of the energy-momentum of the gravitational field the idea of which is preserved.The problem of vacuum is investigated in the case of the central symmetry static field. A number of properties of the tensor _ik is found using the symmetry of the field and comparison with the post-Newton limit. The external and internal problems, as well as the procedure of joining the solutions on the surface of a celestial body, have been formulated. The stellar surface is determined in the usual way:P(r) = 0 whereP is the matter pressure. The theory includes three dimensionless parametersa=p/,b=p / (,p, p are the density of the vacuum energy and of its pressures in the radial and transverse directions) and determining the vacuum elastic properties. Generally speaking, they depend on the valueP/c² in the stellar centre where is the mass density. From general physical considerations it is shown that 0 1 + lim _P (l/q). The field equations are solved for the simple version of the theoryb=–a. There are solutions corresponding to superdense celestial bodies with masses considerably exceeding that of the Sun.     

Differential rotation in a solar-driven quasi-axisymmetric circulation

We consider the concept of a quasi-axisymmetric circulation to explore the global scale dynamics of planetary atmospheres. The momentum and energy transport processes in the smaller scales are formulated in terms of anisotropic eddy diffusion. In the early work of Williams and Robinson (1973) these concepts have been introduced to describe the Jovian circulation. Our study differs in that we adopt a spectral model (with vector spherical harmonics) and consider a linear system; we are also examining a different parameter regime. The troposphere of Jupiter is assumed to be weakly convectively unstable, and the circulation is driven by the fundamental component of solar differential heating with a broad maximum at the equator. Mode coupling arising from the Coriolis action is considered in self consistent form, and momentum and energy are allowed to cascade from lower to higher order modes. With a limited number of spherical harmonics, up to order 40, and with homogeneous boundary conditions, the conservation equations are integrated between the 25 and 10^–5 bar pressure levels. In addition, a simplified single layer model is discussed which, even though heuristic in nature, elucidates and complements the numerical results. Our analysis leads to the following conclusions: (a) For a negative stability, S ₀ = T ₀/r + , the energy transports arising from large scale advection by the meridional circulation can amplify the response to the external heating. This crucially depends on the latitudinal structure of the circulation, so that banded wind fields with equatorial zonal jets are preferentially excited. (b) With a negative stability of order S ₀ ~ – 10^–6 K cm^–1, the computed number of positive (and negative) zonal jets is similar to that observed on Jupiter. (c) The observed magnitudes in the zonal wind velocities require that the vertical eddy diffusion coefficient is of the order K _r ~ 3 × 10⁵ cm² s^–1, which in turn is consistent with the observed outward flux of energy from the planetary interior (F K _r S ₀ ); this diffusion rate is also of the right order of magnitude to obey mixing length theory. (d) The ratio between the horizontal and vertical eddy diffusion coefficients (relative mixing factor) is of critical importance. If it is too large ( 10⁵), differential rotation or alternating zonal jets cannot be maintained; if it is too small ( 10⁴), the equator tends to corotate. The intermediate value of order R ~ 5 × 10⁴ is again consistent with mixing length theory. (e) With the above constraints on the transport coefficients, the flow is quasigeostrophic. (f) The meridional circulation is multicellular and of the Ferrel-Thomson type. It is consistent with the observed cloud striations in the Jovian atmosphere. (g) In the stable stratosphere at higher altitudes the fundamental component, directly driven by the Sun, dominates. The circulation degenerates, and broad, positive zonal jets develop at middle latitudes, resembling the observed wind field in the visible cloud cover of the Venus atmosphere.Applied Research Corporation, Landover, Maryland, U.S.A.     

Oscillations of the Hα emission in solar prominences

The time dependence of Doppler shift and line-center intensity is simultaneously observed for the H emission of three solar prominences, each one during about two hours. Doppler oscillations with periods near one hour and amplitudes between 1 and 2 km s^–1 are conspicuously visible in the recordings of all three prominences. Fourier analysis yields periods of 50, 60, and 64 min, as well as slight indications of short periods near 3 and 5 min. No oscillations are found in the line-center brightness.     

Radar observations of asteroid 1580 Betulia

Radar observations of the asteroid 1580 Betulia, made at a wavelength of 12.6 cm, show a mean radar cross section of 2.2 ± 0.8 km² and a total spectral bandwidth of 26.5 ± 1.5 Hz. Combining our bandwidth measurements with the optically determined rotation period sets a lower limit to the asteroid's radius of 2.9 ± 0.2 km.     

On the influence of mass loss and convective overshooting on the evolution of massive stars

Evolution of massive stars losing mass with the rateM H L/V C is computed (for =1,2,7). It is shown that observed mass loss rates correspond to 0.3 and, therefore, mass loss by stellar wind cannot play any significant role in the evolution of normal massive stars. However, for several types of massive stars (WR, OH/IR, X-ray sources) enhanced mass loss explains their peculiar features. Computations of evolutionary sequences of massive stars with convective overshooting taken into account (as a formal increase of the convective core) show that a significant broadening of the hydrogen-burning band in the H-R diagram may be obtained.     

On the infrared observations of stellar flares

In connection with the appearance of the first results of infrared observations of stellar flares, a more elaborate analysis ofnegative infrared flares as a phenomenon, predicted by the fastelectron hypothesis, has been carried out. As a result, the wavelength regions of negative flares are established for the stars of different spectral types as well as the calculated amplitudes of the negative flares (Tables I and II). The analysis of the infrared observations (c.f. Kilyachkoet al., 1978) lead to the following conclusions:

1. The negative infrared flares discovered around 8000 Å is not in agreement with the theory in the case of the flare star UV Cet. Some traces of negative flares have been noted for a number of less powerful flares of EV Lac.
2. The amplitudes of the recorded positive flares of UV Cet and EV Lac on λ8000 Å are in good agreement with the magnitudes predicted by the fast-electron hypothesis (non-thermal bremsstrahlung).
3. In the future the negative flares around 8000 Å should be looked for in early-type flare stars of types M0-K5.
4. For a positive discovery of negative flares, future observations must be carried out in the wavelength region of 1–3 μm.

     

Uranus: Disk structure within the 7300-Å methane band

Orthogonal narrow-band (100 Å) photoelectric slit scan photometry of Uranus has been used to infer the basic two-dimensional structure of the disk within the 7300-Å methane band. Numerical image reconstruction and restoration techniques have been applied to quantitatively estimate the degrees of polar and limb brightening on the planet. Through partial removal of atmospheric smearing, an effective spatial resolution of approximately 0.9 arcsec has been achieved. Peak polar, limb, and central intensities on the disk are in the respective proportions 3:2:1. In addition, the bright polar feature is displaced from the geometric pole towards the equator of the planet.     

Thermal balance of the mid-latitude F2-region at night

The thermal balance of the plasma in the night-time mid-latitude F2-region is examined using solutions of the steady-state O⁺ and electron heat balance equations. The required concentrations and field-aligned velocities are obtained from a simultaneous solution of the time-dependent O⁺ continuity and momentum equations.The results demonstrate the systematic trend for the O⁺ temperature to be 10–20 K greater than the electron temperature during the night at around 300 km, as observed at St. Santin by Bauer and Mazaudier. It is shown that frictional heating between the O⁺ and neutral gases is the cause of the O⁺ temperature being greater than the electron temperature; the greater the importance of frictional heating in the thermal balance the greater is the difference in the O⁺ and electron temperatures. A study is made of the roles played in the thermal balance of the plasma by the thermal conductivity of the O⁺ and electron gases; collisional heat transfer between O⁺ electrons and neutrals; frictional heating between the O⁺ and neutral gases; and advection and convection due to field-aligned O⁺ and electron motions. The results of the study show that, at around 300 km, electron cooling by excitation of the fine structure of the ground state of atomic oxygen plays a major role in the thermal balance of the electrons and, since the temperature of the ions is little affected by this electron cooling process, in determining the difference between the ion and electron temperatures.     

Temperature domains in the ionosphere

The non-linear stationary temperature waves (domains) is analysed. The exact analytical solutions of the non-linear equation of the heat conductivity determine the region of existence of such domains and the critical values of plasma parameters, correspond to the increase of the periodical temperature profiles in the plasma. A stationary source of heating (photo-electrons or electric fields) may stimulate the existence of domains, when the power of the source reaches a critical value. Conditions in the F-region of the ionosphere near the equator favour the increase of the domains.