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111.
Mahesh Anand Lawrence A. Taylor Kula C. Misra Svetlana I. Demidova Mikhail A. Nazarov 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2003,38(4):485-499
Abstract— Dhofar 287 (Dho 287) is a new lunar meteorite, found in Oman on January 14, 2001. The main portion of this meteorite (Dho 287A) consists of a mare basalt, while a smaller portion of breccia (Dho 287B) is attached on the side. Dho 287A is only the fourth crystalline mare basalt meteorite found on Earth to date and is the subject of the present study. The basalt consists mainly of phenocrysts of olivine and pyroxene set in a finer‐grained matrix, which is composed of elongated pyroxene and plagioclase crystals radiating from a common nucleii. The majority of olivine and pyroxene grains are zoned, from core to rim, in terms of Fe and Mg. Accessory minerals include ilmenite, chromite, ulvöspinel, troilite, and FeNi metal. Chromite is invariably mantled by ulvöspinel. This rock is unusually rich in late‐stage mesostasis, composed largely of fayalite, Si‐K‐Ba‐rich glass, fluorapatite, and whitlockite. In texture and mineralogy, Dho 287A is a low‐Ti mare basalt, with similarities to Apollo 12 (A‐12) and Apollo 15 (A‐15) basalts. However, all plagioclase is now present as maskelynite, and its composition is atypical for known low‐Ti mare basalts. The Fe to Mn ratios of olivine and pyroxene, the presence of FeNi metal, and the bulk‐rock oxygen isotopic ratios, along with several other petrological features, are evidence for the lunar origin for this meteorite. Whole‐rock composition further confirms the similarity of Dho 287A with A‐12 and A‐15 samples but requires possible KREEP assimilation to account for its rare‐earth‐element (REE) contents. Cooling‐rate estimates, based on Fo zonation in olivine, yield values of 0.2–0.8°C/hr for the lava, typical for the center of a 10–20 m thick flow. The recalculated major‐element concentrations, after removing 10–15% modal olivine, are comparable to typical A‐15 mare basalts. Crystallization modeling of the recalculated Dho 287A bulk‐composition yields a reasonable fit between predicted and observed mineral abundances and compositions. 相似文献
112.
A special experimental facility has been developed to investigate the fragmentation of vesicular magma undergoing rapid decompression.
The facility operates in a regime similar to that of shock tubes and at temperatures up to 950 °C and pressures up to 200 bar.
Cylindrical samples (diameter ca. 17 mm, length ca. 50 mm) undergo rapid decompression in a high-temperature, high-pressure
section of the facility following the disruption of a diaphragm separating that section from a low-pressure, low-temperature
section. Actual vesicular magma samples have been experimentally fragmented at elevated temperatures and pressures corresponding
to those observed during explosive volcanic eruptions and the resulting pyroclastics have been photographically resolved in
flight and collected for physical characterization. The results of these experiments show that the rapid decompression of
highly viscous vesicular magma can generate pyroclastic ejecta via rapid and complete fragmentation of magma at high temperature.
This new fragmentation facility is presented as a tool for experimental volcanology under well-constrained conditions.
Received: 19 March 1996 / Accepted: 25 August 1996 相似文献
113.
This study employs an empirical-analytical approach in combination with Monte-Carlo method to establish relationships between
earthquake moment magnitude and upper limits of tsunami source parameters: double-amplitude of vertical bottom deformation,
displaced water volume, and potential energy of initial elevation. The approach is based on the Okada solution for a finite
rectangular fault and empirical scaling laws for earthquake sources. Results are compared to empirical and theoretical relationships
published previously. Parameters of some recent tsunami sources, those for which USGS provides slip distribution data, are
considered in light of the established relationships. 相似文献
114.
We report chemical compositions (major and trace components including light hydrocarbons), hydrogen, oxygen, helium and nitrogen
isotope ratios of volcanic and geothermal fluids of Mutnovsky volcano, Kamchatka. Several aspects of the geochemistry of fluids
are discussed: chemical equilibria, mixing of fluids from different sources, evaluation of the parent magmatic gas composition
and contributions to magmatic vapors of fluids from different reservoirs of the Kamchatkan subduction zone. Among reactive
species, hydrogen and carbon monoxide in volcanic vapors are chemically equilibrated at temperatures >300°C with the SO2-H2S redox-pair. A metastable equilibrium between saturated and unsaturated light hydrocarbons is attained at close to discharge
temperatures. Methane is disequilibrated. Three different sources of fluids from three fumarolic fields in the Mutnovsky craters
can be distinguished: (1) magmatic gas from a large convecting magma body discharging through Active Funnel, a young crater
with the hottest fumaroles (up to 620°C) contributing ~80% to the total volcanic gas output; (2) volcanic fluid from a separate
shallow magma body beneath the Bottom Field of the main crater (96–280°C fumaroles); and (3) hydrothermal fluid with a high
relative and absolute concentrations of CH4 from the Upper Field in the main crater (96–285°C fumaroles). The composition of the parent magmatic gas is estimated using
water isotopes and correlations between He and other components in the Active Funnel gases. The He-Ar-N2 systematics of volcanic and hydrothermal fluids of Mutnovsky are consistent with a large slab-derived sedimentary nitrogen
input for the nitrogen inventory, and we calculate that only ~1% of the magmatic N2 has a mantle origin and <<1% is derived from the arc crust. 相似文献
115.
We shall consider diffusion or single-phase flow in a multiscale porous medium which represents an infinite set of self-similar double-porosity media. At each scale, the medium consists of a highly permeable network of connected channels and low-permeable blocks. The characteristic scale of heterogeneity is ε at the highest level of hierarchy, wherein ε is a small parameter. The ratio between the channel and block permeability at each scale is ε 2. The process analyzed is described using a diffusion equation with an oscillating multiscale diffusion parameter. The macroscale behavior is of interest. The transition to the macroscale is performed by means of the two-scale homogenization procedure. One step of averaging at each level of hierarchy leads to the appearance of the memory terms in the averaged equation. The successive averaging steps lead to progressive memory accumulation, so at each step of averaging, the macroscale model changes its type, and even the result of the second step is unknown a priori. The objective was to determine the macroscopic limit model for the infinite number of scales. By the method of induction, we obtained the macroscale model for an arbitrary number of scales and its limit for the infinite hierarchy. The limit model represents the system of two equations with memory terms. The kernel of the memory operator is the solution of a nonlinear integro-differential equation. Its solution is obtained through Laplace transform. 相似文献
116.
Abstract– We present the geology and interpreted shock features of the Suavjärvi circular structure. Suavjärvi is a circular feature (illustrated by satellite imagery, topography, and magnetic data) located in the central part of the Karelian Craton (lat. 63°07′N, long. 33°23′E). To date, little information on the geologic and impact features of the Suavjärvi structure is available in the literature. The structure is characterized by gravity and magnetic lows and disruption of the regional magnetic fabric. In the northeastern and southwestern parts of the structure, several erosional remnants of highly disturbed rocks occur referred to as monomict and polymict megabreccia. These comprise blocks of both basement granitoids and supracrustal greenstone rocks. The impact origin of polymict megabreccia and therefore of the Suavjärvi structure is confirmed by observations of closely spaced planar microstructures at angles consistent with planes that have Miller indices indicative of impact shock effects, mostly of ω{10¯13}. The Suavjärvi is considered to be a remnant of a deeply eroded and metamorphosed impact structure, which has a diameter of 16 km and was formed during the Paleoproterozoic (older than 2.2 Ga); this is inferred from the age of the overlying volcanic‐sedimentary Jatulian sequence. Suavjärvi underwent regional metamorphism that resulted in obliteration or transformation of shock metamorphic effects. Massive sulfides occur within megabreccia; originating probably from postimpact redeposition of pre‐existing mineralization. 相似文献
117.
118.
Slope steaks are one of the most intriguing modern phenomena observed on Mars. They have been mostly interpreted as some specific type of granular flow. We propose another mechanism for slope streak formation on Mars. It involves natural seasonal formation of a modest amount of highly concentrated chloride brines within a seasonal thermal skin, and runaway propagation of percolation fronts. Given the current state of knowledge of temperature regimes and the composition and structure of the surface layer in the slope streak regions, this mechanism is consistent with the observational constraints; it requires an assumption that a significant part of the observed chlorine to be in form of calcium and ferric chloride, and a small part of the observed hydrogen to be in form of water ice. This “wet” mechanism has a number of appealing advantages in comparison to the widely accepted “dry” granular flow mechanism. Potential tests for the “wet” mechanism include better modeling of the temperature regime and observations of the seasonality of streak formation. 相似文献
119.
Background insect herbivory, in addition to insect outbreaks, can have an important long term influence on the performance
of tree species. Since a projected warmer climate may favour insect herbivores, we use a dynamic ecosystem model to investigate
the impacts of background herbivory on vegetation growth and productivity, as well as distribution and associated changes
in terrestrial ecosystems of northern Europe. We used the GUESS ecosystem modelling framework and a simple linear model for
including the leaf area loss of Betula pubescens in relation to mean July temperature. We tested the sensitivity of the responses of the simulated ecosystems to different,
but realistic, degrees of insect damage. Predicted temperature increases are likely to enhance the potential insect impacts
on vegetation. The impacts are strongest in the eastern areas, where potential insect damage to B. pubescens can increase by 4–5%. The increase in insect damage to B. pubescens results in a reduction of total birch leaf area (LAI), total birch biomass and birch productivity (Net Primary Production).
This effect is stronger than the insect damage to leaf area alone would suggest, due to its second order effect on the competition
between tree species. The model's demonstration that background herbivory may cause changes in vegetation structure suggests
that insect damage, generally neglected by vegetation models, can change predictions of future forest composition. Carbon
fluxes and albedo are only slightly influenced by background insect herbivory, indicating that background insect damage is
of minor importance for estimating the feedback of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change. 相似文献
120.
The measured sky twilight brightness of a site is believed to be connected with main factors such as geographical latitude, elevation of the site above sea level, the season of observations and the aerosol pollution. These factors may decrease the sky twilight brightness and thus improve the crescent visibility limits. The effect of these factors on the visibility conditions to see the new Moon are investigated in the present work. The results show that the visibility conditions has improved at sites situated at higher northern geographical latitudes and higher elevation above sea level. The conditions to see the new Moon in winter season is better than the summer season. The aerosol pollution has a great effect on the visibility of the new Moon at sun's depression 5°, while for sun's depression greater than 5° the aerosol pollution has a small effect. 相似文献