20th-CENTURY CHANGES OF TEMPERATURE IN THE MOUNTAIN REGIONS OF CENTRAL EUROPE

Daily maximum and minimum temperatures from 29 low-lying and mountain stations of 7 countries in Central Europe were analyzed. The analysis of the annual variation of diurnal temperature range helps to distinguish unique climatic characteristics of high and low altitude stations. A comparison of the time series of extreme daily temperatures as well as mean temperature shows a good agreement between the low-lying stations and the mountain stations. Many of the pronounced warm and cold periods are present in all time series and are therefore representative for the whole region. A linear trend analysis of the station data for the period 1901–1990 (19 stations) and 1951–1990 (all 29 stations) shows spatial patterns of similar changes in maximum and minimum daily temperatures and diurnal temperature range. Mountain stations show only small changes of the diurnal temperature range over the 1901–1990 period, whereas the low-lying stations in the western part of the Alps show a significant decrease of diurnal temperature range, caused by strong increase of the minimum temperature. For the shorter period 1951–1990, the diurnal temperature range decreases at the western low-lying stations, mainly in spring, whereas it remains roughly constant at the mountain stations. The decrease of diurnal temperature range is stronger in the western part than in the eastern part of the Alps.     

青藏高原感热通量的变化及与江淮流域降水异常的关系

利用1979—2010年NCEP-R2再分析资料和全国586站降水资料, 对青藏高原感热通量进行小波变换和EOF分析, 并研究了它与江淮流域降水的关系。结果发现:高原感热通量具有2 a和8 a的变化周期。空间分布上主要有东、西反相变化和南、北反相变化以及全区一致性变化3种形态。高原感热通量与江淮流域降水异常的同期相关中, 1998年以来, 春季高原东部的感热通量偏小, 其他地区偏大, 与此同期江淮流域降水偏少;夏季西藏西部的感热通量偏小, 其他地区偏大, 与此同期江淮流域降水偏多。两者超前相关中, 江淮流域降水对春季的感热通量变化最敏感。1998年以来, 当春季高原东南部的感热通量偏小, 其他地区偏大时, 江淮流域的夏季降水偏多, 秋季降水偏少;当春季高原感热通量东部偏小, 西部偏大时, 江淮流域的冬季降水以长江为界南多北少, 次年春季降水偏少。     

Applications on agricultural and forest waste adsorbents for the removal of lead (II) from contaminated waters

At present, there is growing interest in using low cost, commercially available materials for the adsorption of heavy metals. The major advantages of adsorption technologies are its effectiveness in reducing the concentration of heavy metal ions to very low levels and the use of inexpensive adsorbent materials. In this review, agricultural and forest waste adsorbents were used to remove Pb²⁺ ions in wastewater treatment, and their technical feasibilities were reviewed in studies mainly from 2000 to 2010. They all were compared with each other by metal binding capacities, metal removal performances, sorbent dose, optimum pH, temperature, initial concentration and contact time. Although commercial activated carbon is widely used in wastewater treatment applications, it has high costs. The use of agricultural by-products as adsorbent material to purify heavy metal contaminated water has become increasingly popular through the past decade because they are less expensive, biodegradable, abundant and efficient. Instead of activated carbon, this study was focused on the inexpensive materials such as agricultural and forest waste. It was shown that these alternative adsorbents had sufficient binding capacity to remove Pb²⁺ ions from wastewater.     

Formation and composition of cemented layers in low-sulphide mine tailings, Laver, northern Sweden

Cemented layers (hardpans) are common in carbonate or sulphide-rich mine tailings and where pyrrhotite is the predominating Fe-sulphide. Laver, northern Sweden, is an abandoned Cu-mine where the tailings have low pyrrhotite content, almost no pyrite and no carbonates. Two cemented layers at different locations in the Laver tailings impoundment were investigated, with the aim to determine their effects on metal mobility. The cementing agents were mainly jarosite and Fe-oxyhydroxides in the layer formed where the tailings have a barren surface, whereas only Fe-oxyhydroxides were identified below grass-covered tailings surface. Arsenic was enriched in both layers which also exhibit high concentrations of Mo, V, Hg and Pb compared to unoxidised tailings. Sequential extraction indicates that these metals and As were mainly retained with crystalline Fe-oxides, and therefore potentially will be remobilised if the oxic conditions become more reducing, for instance as a result of remediation of the tailings impoundment.An erratum to this article can be found at     

Pyrite geochemistry in the Toarcian Posidonia Shale of south‐west Germany: Evidence for contrasting trace‐element patterns of diagenetic and syngenetic pyrites

Authigenic pyrite grains from a section of the Lower Toarcian Posidonia Shale were analysed for their trace‐element contents and sulphur‐isotope compositions. The resulting data are used to evaluate the relationship between depositional conditions and pyrite trace‐element composition. By using factor analysis, trace‐elements in pyrite may be assigned to four groups: (i) heavy metals (including Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Bi and Tl); (ii) oxyanionic elements (As, Mo and Sb); (iii) elements partitioned in sub‐microscopic sphalerite inclusions (Zn and Cd); and (iv) elements related to organic or silicate impurities (Ga and V). Results indicate that trace‐element contents in pyrite depend on the site and mechanism of pyrite formation, with characteristic features being observed for diagenetic and syngenetic pyrites. Diagenetic pyrite formed within anoxic sediments generally has a high heavy metals content, and the degree of pyritization of these elements increases with increasing oxygen deficiency, similar to the degree of pyritization of reactive Fe. The highest gradient in the increase of the degree of trace element pyritization with bottom‐water oxygenation was found for the elements Ni < Cu < Mo = As < Tl. In contrast, syngenetic pyrite formed within a euxinic water column typically is enriched in As, Mo and Sb, but is low in heavy metals, and the geochemical variation reflects changes in sea water composition.     

Role of carbonates in mitigation of metal release from mining waste. Evidence from humidity cells tests

 Leaching of two contrasting types of sulphidic tailings in humidity cells has been performed. The release of heavy metals and the oxidation rate have been studied. Tailings from the Laver mine contain a few percent sulphides and lack carbonates, whereas tailings from the Stekenjokk mine are both sulphide- and carbonate-rich. The results showed that in the leachates from the Laver samples, the metal concentrations increased and pH decreased with time, indicating an increased oxidation rate. In the Stekenjokk samples, pH remained high during the experiment, thereby keeping the metal concentrations low in the leachates. The oxidation rate also decreased with time, probably due to Fe-hydroxide coatings on sulphide surfaces. The results show that addition of carbonates and the maintenance of a high pH not only reduce the solubility of heavy metals, but also decrease the oxidation rate of sulphides. Received: 20 January 1998 · Accepted: 2 April 1998     

一次冷涡过程降水的微物理机制分析

美国大气辐射观测项目组进行的浅薄低云的光学辐射观测项目（RACORO）对出现在美国南部大平原的低云开展了为期五个月的观测,得到了大量层积云和积云中的数据。为了探究在层积云和积云中的微物理特征,采用伽马分布、对数正态分布、威布尔分布对微物理量的概率密度分布进行拟合,分析对比层积云和积云中微物理量的特征,并探讨两种云云滴谱离散度的影响因子。结果表明,以上三种概率分布函数对层积云和积云中的微物理量的概率密度分布拟合效果很好,绝大部分总体拟合度达到了0.80以上。综合看来,伽马分布对层积云内的微物理量拟合效果最好,对数正态分布对积云内的微物理量拟合效果最好。对比层积云与积云中微物理量的分布差异得到,在积云中云滴数浓度更高,而云滴的平均半径更小;积云含水量、标准差和离散度与层积云相当。在云滴谱离散度的影响因子方面,层积云和积云中离散度与云滴数浓度、垂直速度呈负相关关系,这是因为垂直速度越大,过饱和度越大,云滴浓度越大,离散度越小;垂直速度减小往往对应着夹卷增强和云滴蒸发,从而导致云滴浓度减小和离散度增大。

     

南海热带气旋引起的海表面温度变化特征分析

本文利用热带降雨测量卫星微波成像的微波遥感资料反演的高分辨率海表面温度(SST)资料,分别分析了南海4种典型热带气旋所引起的SST变化特征.结果表明,由于路径、移速和海面热力状况等方面的差异,这4种热带气旋在南海造成的海面降温具有不同的特征.热带气旋Imbudo(0308)属快速移动的西行路径型,在其路径的右侧造成了较大的降温区,降温中心离热带气旋中心约120km;热带气旋Chanchu(0601)为西行北翘型,在其路径两侧分别形成两个降温中心;打转型热带气旋很容易在其打转处形成降温中心,热带气旋Kai-Tak(0004)在海面造成了9.75°C的降温,在其打转处存在一个持续时间很长的冷涡;热带气旋Vongfong(0214)由于其左侧是南海西部夏季冷涡,混合层深度较浅,其作用使得冷涡加强,并在其路径的左侧造成大面积降温区.