Stepwise enrichment of 15N along food chains: Further evidence and the relation between δ15N and animal age

The isotopic composition of nitrogen was measured in marine and fresh-water animals from the East China Sea, The Bering Sea, Lake Ashinoko and Usujiri intertidal zone. Primary producers, showed average δ¹⁵Nversus atmospheric nitrogen of +5.0%. (+3.4 to +7.5) in the Bering Sea and Lake Ashinoko, and +6.8%. (+6.0 to +7.6) in Usujiri intertidal zone. Blue green algae from the East China Sea show an average ?0.55%. (?0.8 to +1.2). All consumers, Zooplankton, fish and bird exhibited Stepwise enrichment of ¹⁵N with increasing trophic level. The ¹⁵N enrichment at a single feeding process ranged from +1.3 to +5.3 averaging +3.4 ± 1.1%.. This isotopic fractionation seems to be independent of habitat.The effect of age in animals was obtained by analyzing two marine mussels. The soft tissue nitrogen showed +2.0%. enrichment relative to that of primary producers, and the magnitude was almost constant with shell ages ranging from 0 to 8 years.A similar ¹⁵N enrichment occurs in all Molluscs, Crustaceans, Insecta, Amphibia, Fish, Ave and Mammal species regardless of the difference in the form of excreted nitrogen and in laboratory cultured fish, brine shrimp and mice (+2.9 to +4.9%.). The excreted ammonia from guppy was sufficiently light to balance the concentration of ¹⁵N to animal body.     

莱河矿(Fe0.52+Fe1.03+SiO4)的超结构

莱河矿于1976年在中国辽宁省的磁铁矿床中首次被发现,许多人对它进行过研究。该矿物为黑色、不透明,化学式为Fe_0.58²⁺Fe_1.0³⁺Mg_0.03Si_0.96O₄,虽然它的晶体结构近似于橄榄石,但已确定为单斜晶系,空间群为P2₁/b。本文作者利用X射线、电子探针、高分解能透过电子显微镜对该矿物进行了系统的研究,发现它具有假双晶、超结构和显微条纹结构。     

Dynamical downscaling: Fundamental issues from an NWP point of view and recommendations

Dynamical downscaling has been recognized as a useful tool not only for the climate community, but also for associated application communities such as the environmental and hydrological societies. Although climate projection data are available in lower-resolution general circulation models (GCMs), higher-resolution climate projections using regional climate models (RCMs) have been obtained over various regions of the globe. Various model outputs from RCMs with a high resolution of even as high as a few km have become available with heavy weight on applications. However, from a scientific point of view in numerical atmospheric modeling, it is not clear how to objectively judge the degree of added value in the RCM output against the corresponding GCM results. A key factor responsible for skepticism is based on the fundamental limitations in the nesting approach between GCMs and RCMs. In this article, we review the current status of the dynamical downscaling for climate prediction, focusing on basic assumptions that are scrutinized from a numerical weather prediction (NWP) point of view. Uncertainties in downscaling due to the inconsistencies in the physics packages between GCMs and RCMs were revealed. Recommendations on how to tackle the ultimate goal of dynamical downscaling were also described.