南海北部渐新世末的构造事件

ODP1148站以及珠江口盆地沉积物均记录了渐新世末发生的重大地质构造事件, 这一构造事件在时间上与南海扩张轴发生跳跃的时间十分吻合, 是渐新世以来南海构造演化史上最为重大的构造事件, 涉及到南海扩张、盆地类型转化、沉积物源变迁等一系列相关联的重大地质事件.伴随这一地质构造事件, 南海北部沉积物成分发生剧烈改变, 出现渐新世-中新世地球化学成分上的跳跃, 在深海沉积中发生沉积间断及滑塌事件, 并使珠江口盆地由断陷型盆地转为坳陷型盆地, 白云凹陷由渐新世晚期的浅水陆架环境转为中新世以后的深水陆坡环境.可以认为, 这次构造运动奠定了我国现代的地理格局, 也标志着我国东部陆相盆地最佳烃源岩形成期的结束, 在南海乃至东亚地区影响深远.      

南海西北陆缘多金属结核地球化学特征及成因

对取自南海西北陆缘海域的大型多金属结核进行了电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS) 和等离子光谱仪(ICP-AES) 等方面的分析.结核核心部位的主要矿物组成为石英、伊利石、钠长石和绿泥石, 壳层的主要矿物为δMnO₂等.铁、锰组分呈现Fe含量高、Mn含量低和Mn/Fe低的特征.Si含量高, Cu、Co、Ni含量低; 稀土元素(REE) 含量高, 平均为1472.30×10-6, 轻稀土与重稀土的比值(LREE/HREE) 达19.54, 并且存在较强的Ce正异常.元素含量的变化显示: 从结核内壳层到外壳层, Fe、Mn、Cu、Co等元素含量呈不规律变化, 具有典型的边缘海特征, 该特征反映结核在形成过程中受到边缘海沉积环境波动变化的影响, 陆源物质供应量的增加对Fe、REE、Si等元素的富集起到了促进作用, 而对Mn、Ca等元素的富集则产生明显的稀释作用.多金属结核Mn/Fe比及Mn-Fe- (Cu+Ni) ×10三组分图解显示, 南海北部陆缘多金属结核为水成成因, 该成因与结核所赋存的边缘海环境密切相关, 反映了结核成长发育的过程中, 南海典型的边缘海沉积条件和多变的古海洋环境因素对其产生了重要影响.      

Permeability Heterogeneity in a Fractured Sandstone–Mudstone Rock Mass in Xiaolangdi Dam Site, Central China

Abstract: Heterogeneity of permeability in fractured media is a hot research topic in hydrogeology. Numerous approaches have been proposed to characterize heterogeneity in the last several decades. However, little attention has been paid to correlate permeability heterogeneity with geological information. In the present study, several causes of permeability heterogeneity, that is, lithology, tectonism, and depth, are identified. The unit absorption values (denoted as ω), which are results obtained from the packer test, are employed to represent permeability. The variability of permeability in sandstone–mudstone is so significant that the value of unit absorptions span 3–4 orders of magnitude at any depth with several test sections. By declustering, it has been found that under a similar tectonic history, the means of permeability differ greatly at different formations as a result of different mudrock contents. It has also been found that in the same formation, permeability can be significantly increased as a result of faulting. The well-known phenomenon, the decrease in permeability with depth, is found to be caused by the fractures in the rock mass, and the relationship between permeability and depth can be established in the form of logω–logd. After subtracting the trend of ω with absolute depth, the mean of the residual value at each relative depth can be well correlated with the distribution of mudstone. The methods proposed in this paper can be utilized to research in similar study areas.