Public cognition and response to earthquake disaster: from the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan to the 2013 Mw6.6 Lushan earthquakes in Sichuan Province,China

Natural Hazards - China is one of the countries most affected by earthquakes. Improving public cognition and response to earthquake disaster (EDCR) is an effective means to reduce seismic risk and...     

Geomorphic natural hazard on loess terrain: expansion on the gully sidewall

Natural Hazards - Gully sidewall expansion is an important geomorphic natural hazard, and the expansion destroys a large extent of agricultural land in the loess regions every year. The main aim of...     

祁连山区多年冻土空间分布模拟

祁连山区位于青藏高原东北边缘,是亚洲水塔重要的组成部分,多年冻土的变化对生态系统和水资源平衡有着重要影响。基于青藏高原第二次综合科学考察、道路勘察钻孔点以及前人所获得的多年冻土下界资料,回归得出祁连山区多年冻土下界统计模型,借助ArcGIS平台在DEM数据的支持下,模拟出祁连山区多年冻土空间分布图。结果表明：祁连山区多年冻土分布的下界具有良好的地带性规律,表现为随经纬度增加而降低的规律;祁连山区多年冻土在空间分布上呈现出以哈拉湖为中心向四周扩散的分布格局;祁连山区总面积约为16.90×10⁴ km²,其中多年冻土面积约为8.03×10⁴ km²,占总面积约47.51%。多年冻土区与季节冻土区之间存在着有不连续多年冻土分布的过渡区,过渡区面积约1.43×10⁴ km²,占总面积约8.46%。     

四川盆地喜马拉雅期张扭性断裂构造特征及形成机制

前人对四川盆地盆缘冲断带及川中高-磨地区断裂系统进行了系统性研究,但对于盆地其他区块断裂发育特征、形成演化及应力背景的认识尚不充分.发现了梓潼-成都-威远-华蓥山-广安地区震旦系-下三叠统地层中发育的一套区域性张扭性断裂,主要自震旦系及以下地层向上延伸切穿二叠系地层,多为高陡、小断距正断层,部分形成负花状构造.根据该断裂系统的剖面产状、纵向穿层特征及盆地范围内体现出的分异性,推断该断裂系统形成于喜马拉雅期.物理模拟实验研究发现该断裂体系应发育于扭张性应力环境中,该断裂体系的发育指示了四川盆地内部新生代存在南西-北东向张应力,可能与四川盆地新生代发生的逆时针旋转有关.      

四川旺苍大河坝浅变质岩型石墨矿床地球化学特征与成因分析

大河坝石墨矿是川北米仓山南缘石墨矿带新发现的大型显晶质石墨矿床。研究了该矿床的地质特征和矿石主量、微量及稀土元素地球化学特征,结果表明:含矿岩层为副变质岩,矿区石墨矿体原岩沉积于缺氧的还原环境,原岩为一套含碳质黏土质细—粉砂岩及含碳质泥灰岩组合。微量元素特征指示矿体原岩由近海陆源碎屑物沉积形成,沉积水体主要为盐度较低的、混合不均匀的淡水—半咸水。矿石ΣREE平均值为150×10^-6,与泥灰岩相近;δCe值平均为0.91,呈弱负异常,δEu值平均为0.67,呈负异常,具滨海潮坪相沉积特征。含矿岩石δ¹³C值为-21.4‰~-19.0‰,平均为-19.86‰,表明成矿碳质来源主要为有机碳,并混合了部分无机碳。矿床成因类型为沉积变质型,其变质作用可能包括多次区域变质作用并叠加了混合岩化作用。     

塔里木盆地玉尓吐斯组高频层序沉积充填演化特征及控烃作用

结合9个野外剖面和17口井,对塔里木盆地玉尔吐斯组沉积演化及其对烃源岩的制约作用进行了系统研究和分析。在精细对比后发现,塔里木盆地下寒武统玉尔吐斯组可分为2个三级层序(SQ1、SQ2)、5个四级层序(sq1—sq5),其中三级层序SQ1可分为3个四级层序,SQ2可分为2个四级层序。SQ1发生在寒武纪初期,海进速度较慢,影响范围相对局限,而SQ2的海进则相对迅速,影响范围较大。四级层序sq1发生在第一次海侵初期,水体浅,主要沉积紫红色白云岩、灰黑色砂屑白云岩,起填平补齐的作用;sq2、sq4发生在海侵—海退的转换时期,是两套深水的沉积,岩性以黑色泥岩、硅质泥岩和硅质岩为主,局部发育泥岩与条带状白云岩互层;sq3、sq5是海退过程中的浅水沉积,主要发育灰色白云岩和藻白云岩,局部有泥质夹层。利用Mn、Fe、Ti、Rb、K、Sr、Ba、Cu、U、V、Mo等元素及其比值进行沉积环境分析表明,sq2时期,水体深度大、盐度低、气候温暖湿润,有利于生物发育,并且其硫化缺氧的环境极其有利于有机质的保存;sq4时期,水体深度较大,盐度相对较小,气候相对温暖湿润,较为适合生物生存,并且其硫化缺氧夹次氧化的环境,较为适合有机质保存。高频海平面变化与沉积环境演化影响着玉尔吐斯组的烃源岩分布与品质,sq2时沉积的烃源岩品质优于sq4,但是其分布范围小于sq4。     

U-Pb Zircon and Re-Os Molybdenite Geochronology of theW-Mo Mineralized Region of South Qinling,China, andtheir Tectonic Implications

A W-Mo mineralized region is located along the northern margin of the South Qinling tectonic belt of China. WMo mineralization occurs mainly in Cambrian–Ordovician clastic and carbonate rocks, and the ore bodies are structurally controlled by NW–SE-and NNE–SSW-striking faults. Evidence for magmatism in the area is widespread and is dominated by intermediate–felsic intrusives or apophyses, such as the Dongjiangkou, Yanzhiba, Lanbandeng, and Sihaiping granitic bodies. Quartz-vein-type mineralization and fault-controlled skarn-type mineralization dominate the ore systems, with additional enrichment in residual deposits. At present, there are few or insufficient studies on(1) the age of mineralization,(2) the relationship between intermediate–felsic granite and W-Mo mineralization,(3) the source of ore-forming materials,and(4) the metallogenic and tectonic setting of the mineralized area. In this paper, we present geochronology results for numerous intrusive granitic bodies in the South Qinling tectonic belt. U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Lanbandeng monzogranite and Wangjiaping biotite monzogranite yields ages of 222.7 ± 2.3 and 201.9 ± 1.8 Ma, respectively. In contrast to the Late Triassic age of the Lanbandeng monzogranite, the age of the newly discovered Wangjiaping biotite monzogranite places it at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Re-Os molybdenite geochronology on the Qipangou W-Mo deposit yielded a model age of 199.7 ± 3.9 Ma, indicating the deposit formed in the early Yanshanian period of the Early Jurassic. Granitoid intrusions in the mineralized area are characterized by composite granite bodies that crystallized at ca.240–190 Ma. While there were multiple stages of intrusion, most occurred at 210–220 Ma, with waning magmatic activity at 200–190 Ma. The Re-Os age of molybdenite in the region is ca. 200–190 Ma, which may represent a newly discovered period of W-Mo metallogenesis that occurred during the final stages of magmatism. The heat associated with this magmatism drove ore formation and might have provided additional ore-forming components for metallogenesis(represented by the Wangjiaping biotite monzogranite). Ore materials in the mineralized area were derived from mixed crustal and mantle sources. Enrichment of the region occurred during intracontinental orogenesis in the late Indosinian–Yanshanian, subsequent to the main Indosinian collision. At this time, the tectonic environment was dominated by extension and strike-slip motion.     

Geochronology, Fluid Inclusions and Isotopic Characteristics of the Dongjun Pb-Zn-Ag Deposit, Inner Mongolia, NE China

The Dongjun Pb-Zn-Ag deposit in the northern part of the Great Xing’an Range (NE China) consists of quartz-sulfide vein-type and breccia-type mineralization, related to granite porphyry. Hydrothermal alteration is well-developed and includes potassic-silicic-sericitic alteration, phyllic alteration and propylitic alteration. Three stages of mineralization are recognized on the basis of field evidence and petrographic observation, demarcated by assemblages of quartz-pyrite-arsenopyrite (early stage), quartz-polymetallic sulfide (intermediate stage) and quartz-carbonate-pyrite (late stage). Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating indicates that the granite porphyry was emplaced at 146.7 ± 1.2 Ma (Late Jurassic). Microthermometry and laser Raman spectroscopy shows that ore minerals were deposited in conditions of intermediate temperatures (175–359°C), low salinity (0.5–9.3 wt% NaCl eqv.) and low density (0.60–0.91 g/cm3). Ore-forming fluids were derived largely from magmatic hydrothermal processes, with late-stage addition of meteoric water, belonging to a H2O-NaCl-CO2 ± CH4 system. The δ34SV-CDT values range from 0.75‰ to 4.70‰. The 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb values of the ore minerals are in the ranges of 18.240–18.371, 15.542–15.570, and 38.100–38.178, respectively. Data for the S and Pb isotopic systems indicate that the ore-forming metals and sulfur were derived from Mesozoic magma. Based on the geological characteristics and geochemical signatures documented in this study, we conclude that the Dongjun deposit is a mesothermal magmatic hydrothermal vein-type Pb-Zn-Ag deposit controlled by fractures and related to granite porphyry, in response to Late Jurassic tectonic–magmatic–hydrothermal activity. We further conclude that fluid immiscibility, fluid mixing and fluid-rock interactions were the dominant mechanisms for deposition of the ore-forming materials.     

辽东地区古元古代变基性岩床的成因和构造意义

辽东地区胶-辽-吉造山带发育大量的变基性岩墙/床,这些岩墙/床对研究造山带古元古代构造演化过程具有重要意义.本文通过对辽东地区辽河群中的变基性岩床进行岩石学、岩石地球化学和锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究,探讨其成因和形成的构造背景,有助于深入认识胶-辽-吉造山带古元古代地质演化过程.辽东地区变基性岩床顺层侵入于辽河群大石桥组大理岩中,发生角闪岩相变质作用,岩石类型以斜长角闪岩和石榴斜长角闪岩为主,主要矿物为角闪石和斜长石,其他矿物有石榴子石、石英、黑云母、磁铁矿和黄铁矿等.变基性岩床样品的锆石具特征的环带结构和较低的Th/U值(0.01～0.34),指示锆石为变质成因,4个样品的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果(1854±11 Ma、1846±12 Ma、1847±9 Ma和1848±7 Ma)表明基性岩床发生变质作用的时间为～1.85 Ga,与华北克拉通最终碰撞拼合的时间一致.根据基性岩床与胶-辽-吉造山带其他地区～2.1 Ga的基性岩具有相似的野外产状、岩石学和地球化学特征,推断其侵位时代可能为～2.1 Ga.基性岩床样品的SiO2含量为47.07％～52.18％,K2O+Na2O含量为1.78％～4.70％,MgO含量为3.92％～8.59％,属于拉斑玄武岩系列.大部分样品的稀土总量较低(47.3×10-6～109.5×10-6),富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Ba、La),亏损高场强元素(如Nb、Ta),Zr、Hf没有明显的亏损且未发生分馏作用.所有样品的Al2O3、CaO和Fe2O3T含量在主量元素相关性图解上分布规律且与MgO含量呈较好的相关性,Nb/La值(0.52～0.73)随SiO2和MgO含量的变化较小,表明岩浆在侵位过程中受地壳混染的程度较低,似"岛弧"型地球化学特征是富集岩石圈地幔源区遭受古俯冲组分改造的结果.结合已有的辽河群变质火山-沉积岩、辽吉花岗岩和基性岩的研究成果,胶-辽-吉造山带在～2.1 Ga处于陆内裂谷环境.     

微束分析测试技术十年(2011~2020)进展与展望

现代地球科学研究的重大突破在很大程度上取决于观测和分析技术的创新。新世纪以来,我国地球科学领域引进了一批高性能新型微束分析仪器设备,建立了一批高规格的实验室。本文回顾了近十年来微束分析技术与方法的主要进展及其在地球科学研究中的应用实例,包括电子探针、扫描电镜、透射电镜、大型离子探针、纳米离子探针、飞行时间二次离子质谱、激光剥蚀等离子体质谱、激光诱导原子探针、原子探针技术、显微红外光谱、同步辐射等,这些分析技术的进步和广泛应用极大地提高了我们对地球和行星演化历史及许多地质过程的理解。今后,应加快微束分析的新技术、新方法和新标准的开发,特别是高水平人才队伍建设,提高创新能力并在国际学术舞台上发挥重要作用。