Two-dimensional landslide dynamic simulation based on a velocity-weakening friction law

Surprisingly, hypermobility (high velocity and long run-out) is a remarkable feature of large landslides and is still poorly understood. In this paper, a velocity-weakening friction law is incorporated into a depth-averaged landslide model for explaining the higher mobility mechanism of landslides. In order to improve the precision of the calculation, a coupled numerical method based on the finite volume method is proposed to solve the model equations. Finally, several numerical tests are performed to verify the stability of the algorithm and reliability of the model. The comparison between numerical results and experimental data indicates that the presented model can predict the movement of landslide accurately. Considering the effect of velocity-weakening friction law, the presented model can better reflect the hypermobility of landslide than the conventional Mohr–Coulomb friction model. This work shows that the application of a universal velocity-weakening friction law is effective in describing the hypermobility of landslide and predicting the extent of landslides.     

Molybdenum Mass Fractions and Isotopic Compositions of International Geological Reference Materials

The double‐spike method with multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry was used to measure the Mo mass fractions and isotopic compositions of a set of geological reference materials including the mineral molybdenite, seawater, coral, as well as igneous and sedimentary rocks. The long‐term reproducibility of the Mo isotopic measurements, based on two‐year analyses of NIST SRM 3134 reference solutions and seawater samples, was ≤ 0.07‰ (two standard deviations, 2s, n = 167) for δ^98/95Mo. Accuracy was evaluated by analyses of Atlantic seawater, which yielded a mean δ^98/95Mo of 2.03 ± 0.06‰ (2s, n = 30, relative to NIST SRM 3134 = 0‰) and mass fraction of 0.0104 ± 0.0006 μg g^?1 (2s, n = 30), which is indistinguishable from seawater samples taken world‐wide and measured in other laboratories. The comprehensive data set presented in this study serves as a reference for quality assurance and interlaboratory comparison of high‐precision Mo mass fractions and isotopic compositions.     

经略21世纪海上丝路:重要航线、节点及港口特征

为了更好地认识21世纪海上丝绸之路(简称"海上丝路"),文章对"海上丝路"涉及的重要航线、节点及港口的地理位置、气候状况、水文特征、商业价值、人文背景等进行梳理。重要航线、节点及港口的使用与管理作为"海上丝路"建设的基础要素,是与造船能力并列的核心资源,三者之间环环相扣,构成"海上丝路"健康运营的完整体系。与沿"海上丝路"国家稳步推进航线、节点及港口的管理、开发与维护,打造坚实的战略支撑点、现代之"海上驿站",是成功实现我国资源多样化、产业走出去、贸易全球化的最佳路径之一,以此为契机,融入现有国际海洋法公约并在践行过程中制定利我的海上政策体制,助力"海之梦"、"中国梦"。     

经略21世纪海上丝路之海洋环境特征:海流特征

海流对于海洋渔业、海洋表层初级生产力分布、海洋物质输运等理化生现象有着重要影响。文章利用海洋再分析流场资料,简要分析印度洋海区和南海海区(20°S—30°N,30°E—130°E)的流场年平均以及季节变化特点,得出以下结论:1南海海区流场的季节变化显著,受到季风、黑潮和地形的共同影响作用,在东北季风期间存在沿粤东沿岸至海南岛南侧转向沿越南沿岸的一支流系,该流系的强度变化影响爪哇海等南海南侧海区流场变化。2苏拉威西岛东侧和加里曼丹岛西侧流系有明显的季节变化,在流动强盛的时期这两支流系均是偏南向流动;从爪哇海流出的海流常年存在,夏季附近流速最大,最大流速分布在1.0m/s。3赤道印度洋海区和非洲东岸的沿岸流存在明显的季节变化,上层海区流动的低流速区存在流向切变;沿岸流最大流速在5-9月出现,可达1.8m/s以上,而赤道流系则在11月,可达0.8m/s以上。     

硫酸镁对仿刺参幼参麻醉效果的研究

本研究以硫酸镁作为麻醉剂,比较了在不同水温条件下硫酸镁对仿刺参幼参的麻醉效果,分析了不同浓度硫酸镁对仿刺参幼参的麻醉效果。实验水温设置11℃、13℃、15℃、17℃、19℃和21℃六个温度梯度,实验用仿刺参幼参规格分为大规格(L)40.26±1.84g、中规格(M)21.83±1.72g、小规格(S)11.03±1.63g。实验结果显示:1.在硫酸镁麻醉剂浓度相同时,仿刺参规格越大麻醉所需时间越长,复苏时间却越短;随着麻醉剂浓度增加,对仿刺参幼参麻醉时间相应缩短,但复苏时间呈现逐渐延长。不同浓度硫酸镁麻醉剂对不同规格仿刺参的麻醉效果具有显著差异(P0.05)。2.在水温11℃~20℃范围内,随着水温的升高,对仿刺参幼参的麻醉时间从26.13±17.78min缩短到21.47±3.52min,但复苏时间从26.13±17.78min增加到71.05±12.32min,不同水温条件下硫酸镁对仿刺参幼参麻醉效果影响显著(P0.05)。研究表明,仿刺参体重在20g以下的适宜麻醉浓度为0.1~0.25mol·L-1,体重在20g以上的适宜麻醉浓度为0.25~0.35mol·L~(-1)。     

中国水产品非关税贸易壁垒的实证研究——基于贸易引力模型

随着贸易自由化程度的提高以及"黄箱政策"的出台,关税壁垒在国际贸易竞争中的作用日益减弱,许多国家逐步设置以进口配额、许可证、检验检疫和技术标准等非关税壁垒为主的贸易保护措施,同时各国在政治、文化和风俗习惯等方面的差异也会对国际贸易产生一定的影响。文章以2000—2014年中国与美国、日本、韩国、加拿大和东盟的贸易面板数据为基础,在Tinbergen(1962)和Poyhonen(1963)所建立的传统贸易引力模型的基础上,对原有模型中的变量进行改进和拓展,创新提出使用军事冲突变量去量化非关税贸易壁垒对我国水产品贸易的影响,同时结合双因素方差分析方法探究贸易品种和国家区域的差异对于贸易总额的影响;结果显示,我国水产品贸易政策存在一定的调整空间,可根据不同国家背景和贸易种类在区域一体化政策、水产品生产、物流渠道建设和文化宣传方面进行政策和方法的改进。     

Uncertainty analysis of space–time prisms based on the moment-design method

Space–time prism (STP) is an important concept for the modeling of object movements in space and time. An STP can be conceptualized as the result of the potential path of a moving object revolving around in the three-dimensional space. Though the concept has found applications in time geography, research on the analysis and propagation of uncertainty in STPs, particularly under high degree of nonlinearity, is scanty. Based on the efficiency and effectiveness of the moment-design (M-D) method, this paper proposes an approach to deal with nonlinear error propagation problems in the potential path areas (PPAs) of STPs and their intersections. Propagation of errors to the PPA and its boundary, and to the intersection of two PPAs is investigated. Performance of the proposed method is evaluated via a series of experimental studies. In comparison with the Monte Carlo method and the implicit function method, simulation results show the advantages of the M-D method in the analysis of error propagation in STPs.     

A new assessment model for evacuation vulnerability in urban areas

In the high-speed urbanization process of China, the urban population has been increasing significantly, leading to a high-density aggregation of population. However, the sharp increase in population density has not produced commensurate improvements in the road networks. On the contrary, the population increase induced a serious evacuation vulnerability, which cities experience during various hazards and catastrophic events. Therefore, research on evacuation vulnerability is important to urban planning. To assess the evacuation vulnerability, the optimal and worst scenarios should be considered because all possible evacuation plans occur between these extremes. However, most previous evacuation vulnerability studies are based on the worst-case scenario, only providing an upper bound of a potential evacuation assessment. To provide a more comprehensive theoretical basis for decision-makers to understand the consequences caused by all possible evacuations, this paper proposes an optimal evacuation vulnerability assessment model that provides the lower bound on potential evacuation difficulties. The model is solved by a stepwise spreading algorithm based on Graph Theory. Subsequently, to evaluate the effectiveness of the model, the study adopts the model to assess the evacuation capability of different road network topologies. A comparison with previous research was performed. The model was demonstrated in an application to the South Luogu Alley of Beijing, China. The significance of this paper is that the combination of our model with previous research may provide a more complete theoretical basis for an evacuation vulnerability assessment.     

A parallel algorithm for coverage optimization on multi-core architectures

Location siting is an important part of service provision, with much potential to impact operational efficiency, safety, security, system reliability, etc. A class of location models seeks to optimize coverage of demand for service that is continuously distributed across space. Decision-making and planning contexts include police/fire resource allocation for a community, siting cellular towers to support cell phone signal transmission, locating emergency warning sirens to alert the public of severe weather and other related dangers, and many others as well. When facilities can be sited anywhere in continuous space to provide coverage to an entire region, this is a very computationally challenging problem to solve because potential demand for service is everywhere and there are an infinite number of potential facility sites to consider. This article develops a new parallel solution approach for this location coverage optimization problem through an iterative bounding scheme on multi-core architectures. The developed approach is applied to site emergency warning sirens in Dublin, Ohio, and fire stations in Elk Grove, California. Results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach, enabling real-time analysis and planning. This work illustrates that the integration of cyberinfrastructure can significantly improve computational efficiency in solving challenging spatial optimization problems, fitting the themes of this special issue: cyberinfrastructure, GIS, and spatial optimization.     

考虑地球曲率影响的重力中间层校正计算及其精度分析

介绍一种考虑地球曲率影响的“球冠模型” 重力中间层校正算法,并通过不同算例对比该算法与以往“圆柱体模型”算法之间的差值。结果表明,其差值的数量级最大可达0.4 mGal。