Internal Tide Generation and Dissipation by Small Periodic Topography in Deep Ocean

Internal tides generated by a rough sea floor are an important source of mixing in the abyssal ocean. Two linear models are employed to evaluate the conversion rate from barotropic tides to internal tides and the energy distribution in each mode. Considering the periodicity of internal tides, the topography is represented by periodically distributed knife edges and sinusoidal ridges within one wavelength of mode-1 internal tides. The knife edges generate greater internal tides than the sinusoidal ridges due to their sharp shape, which approximates an extremely supercritical condition. Energy flux concentrates in modes whose numbers are multiples of the knife edge or ridge number. Then, a fully nonlinear model that integrates viscosity and diffusion is implemented, and its results are compared with those of the linear model. Internal wave rays generated in the nonlinear model show a distribution similar to the linear models' prediction. High dissipation rates coincide with the rays, suggesting that nonlinear wave-wave interaction is a dominant mechanism for internal tide dissipation in the abyssal ocean.     

Permafrost warming along the Mo'he-Jiagedaqi section of the China-Russia crude oil pipeline

The permafrost along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP) is degrading since the pipeline operation in 2011. Heat dissipated from the pipeline, climate warming and anthropogenic activities leads to permafrost warming. The processes of permafrost warming along the CRCOP were studied based on the monitoring of air and soil temperatures, and electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) surveys. Results show that:(1) the mean annual air temperature(MAAT) in permafrost regions along the CRCOP increased with a rate of 0.21°C/10a–0.40°C/10 a during the past five decades;(2) the mean annual ground temperature(MAGT, at-15 m depth) of undisturbed permafrost increased by 0.2°C and the natural permafrost table remained unchanged due to the zero-curtain effect;(3) permafrost surrounding the uninsulated pipeline right-of-way warmed significantly compared with that in a natural site. During 2012–2017, the MAGT and the artificial permafrost table, 2 m away from the pipeline centerline, increased at rates of 0.063°C/a and 1.0 m/a. The thaw bulb developed around the pipe and exhibits a faster lateral expansion;(4) 80-mm-thick insulation could reduce the heat exchange between the pipeline and underlying permafrost and then keep the permafrost and pipe stable. The MAGT and the artificial permafrost table, 4.8 m away from the center line of the pipeline, increased by 0.3°C/a and 0.43 m/a, respectively. Due to the heat disturbance caused by warm oil, the degradation of wetland, controlled burn each autumn and climate warming, the permafrost extent reduced and warmed significantly along the CRCOP route. Field observations provide basic data to clarify the interactions between CRCOP and permafrost degradation and environmental effects in the context of climate change.     

基于改进两步移动搜索法的北碚区医疗设施空间可达性分析

针对当前医疗资源分布不均问题,本文以重庆市北碚区为例,以行政村为最小研究单元,借助GIS空间分析技术,将多级半径和高斯距离衰减函数相结合来改进两步移动搜索法,对北碚区医疗设施空间可达性进行研究。结果表明：① 改进两步移动搜索法综合考虑了医院等级规模对居民的吸引力、距离衰减因素对居民出行意愿的影响等因素,在识别高可达性区域内部差异和边缘低可达性区域方面具有较高的敏感性,因此其计算结果能够更准确地刻画北碚区的医疗设施空间可达性特征;② 北碚区整体医疗设施空间可达性较好,呈现由中心向四周递减的特征;③ 借助冷热点分析发现北碚区医疗设施可达性空间差异大,两极分异显著,高值区主要集中在东阳街道、朝阳街道、天生街道、北温泉街道和龙凤桥街道等中心城区,低值区主要集中在金刀峡镇、柳荫镇、三圣镇、复兴街道和静观镇等边缘地区。研究结果可为相关部门制定决策规划提供依据。     

空间直线拟合的PEIV模型的构建与解法

针对空间直线拟合不宜直接采用总体最小二乘算法和混合总体最小二乘算法的问题,提出一种基于PEIV模型的总体最小二乘法的空间直线拟合算法。首先将空间直线的标准方程进行变换,改写为总体最小二乘的EIV模型;然后针对系数矩阵的特点,将模型转换为更加合理的PEIV模型,线性化成类似于最小二乘间接平差形式,采用迭代的方法求解拟合参数。平差过程保证了系数矩阵重复元素的改正数一致,常数元素的改正数为零,符合实际理论;最后,通过算例比较验证了该方法的可行性和优越性。     

MEEMD-ARMA残差修正电离层TEC预测模型

提出一种改进的集总平均经验模态分解与自回归移动平均模型组合的残差修正模型,并利用2015年不同经纬度同一时段以及相同经纬度不同时段IGS提供的电离层电子总量数据,用3种模型对5 d内的数据进行预测。结果表明,改进模型5 d 内的平均相对精度为96%,而EMD-ARMA模型及ARMA模型分别为94.5%、93%。     

采煤塌陷地复垦项目PPP融资模式应用研究

探索PPP融资的运作模式与双方合作机制,促进PPP融资模式在采煤塌陷地复垦项目中的应用。研究基于风险-收益均衡原则,从私人资本与政府的风险偏好特点出发,建立了项目总成本最小的最优风险分担模型;在风险分担系数已知的情况下,建立了Shapley值模型对双方收益进行合理分配。结果表明:私人投资主体的综合风险系数略大,双方基本上均担风险;私人投资主体承担绝大部分的项目资金投入,所获收益略大于政府。因此引入PPP模式进行采煤塌陷地复垦,对于政府而言,可以解决资金压力,分散不擅长的项目与金融、市场风险;对于私人投资主体而言,可以避免过多的政策与不确定性风险,获得较高的投资收益。该研究为采煤塌陷地复垦项目PPP融资谈判提供了理论依据,对加快塌陷区复垦进程具有非常重要的现实意义。     

约束Delaunay三角剖分的“岛屿”类图斑符号填充

针对传统方法对“岛屿”类图斑进行符号填充会造成敏感区域符号布局不合理或符号空间冲突的问题,本文提出了一种约束Delaunay三角剖分的“岛屿”类图斑符号填充方法。首先,对“岛屿”类图斑对应的离散点群进行规则网格化和不规则三角剖分,用于计算等值点;然后,依据附加准则增加“凸”形和“凹”形附加点,顺次连接等值点和附加点作为Delaunay三角剖分的约束边界;最后,构建均匀变化的约束Delaunay三角网,在三角网内进行图元积分,填充“岛屿”类图斑符号。利用电子海图中岛屿边界点数据进行试验分析,与传统方法相比,本文方法填充的“岛屿”类图斑符号变化均匀,交互性较强,便于用户修改和切换,进行二次填充。试验结果表明,本文方法适用于“岛屿”类图斑的符号填充。     

中国和葡萄牙海洋科技合作实践

中葡海洋合作是构建人类命运共同体和海洋共同体的重要实践。为了更好地推动中葡两国的合作,文章以中葡双方海洋科技合作为视角,分析了两国间开展合作的优势及合作现状,并提出了建立中葡海洋科技交流机制性平台、推动建立中葡联合海洋研究中心、积极推进中葡海洋科技项目务实合作等建议,期望对今后中葡海洋领域深入合作提供参考。     

吐噶喇海峡内潮的能量收支和大小潮变化

吐噶喇海峡是西北太平洋重要的内潮产生区域,该区域内产生的内潮对于东海陆架和西北太平洋的混合和物质输运有十分重要的作用。水平分辨率为3km的JCOPE-T(JapanCoastalOcean PredictabilityExperiment—Tides)水动力学模式的结果表明,吐噶喇海峡的内潮主要产生在地形变化剧烈的海山和海岛附近,其引起的等密面起伏振幅可达30m。吐噶喇海峡的内潮在垂直于等深线方向分为两支向外传播:一支向西北方向传播,进入东海陆架后迅速减小;另一支向东南方向传播,进入西北太平洋。吐噶喇海峡潮能丰富,其在约半个月内的平均输入的净正压潮能通量为13.92GW,其中约有3.73GW转化为内潮能量。生成的内潮能量有77.2%在当地耗散,传出的内潮能通量为0.84GW,主要通过西北和东南两个边界传出。该区域潮能通量有显著的大小潮变化,大潮期间输入的正压潮净能通量和产生的内潮能通量均约为小潮期间的2倍,但其主要产生区域基本不变,且内潮能量耗散比率均在产生的内潮通量的76%—79%。另外,内潮能通量的传播方向也没有发生变化,仍主要通过西北和东南两个边界传出。因此,大小潮的变化仅影响吐噶喇海峡处产生的内潮能量的大小,不影响其产生区域、传播方向和耗散比率。