黑龙江省封冻前土壤底墒趋势变化分析

利用黑龙江省1981-2010年的土壤湿度数据,以富锦县、龙江县、双城县、黑河市、海伦县为代表点,分析了黑龙江省东、西、南、北、中各区域封冻前(11月8日)0～30 cm土层土壤湿度的趋势变化和干湿变化,采用线性趋势、5年滑动平均和Mann-Kendall法检验变化趋势,利用Mann-Kendall和Yamamoto法对土壤湿度变化趋势进行突变点检验.结果表明:封冻前0～30 cm土层各地土壤湿度在30年间均有不同程度下降,西部龙江县下降剧烈,中部海伦县较剧烈,北部黑河市和南部双城县次之,上述代表点20 cm土层土壤湿度下降均达到了P＜0.05以内的显著水平,东部富锦县下降趋势最弱;经Mann-Kendall法检验,0～30 cm土层龙江县、海伦县土壤湿度出现了下降的突变区域,其余代表点的土壤湿度变化趋势在近几年中逐渐接近或已经超越了显著线;1994年是龙江县10 cm、20 cm土壤湿度下降的突变时期;黑龙江省各地土壤湿度的下降与封冻前一段时期内气温和降水变化密切相关,还与土壤物理性质的恶化等因素有关.     

内陆水体好氧甲烷氧化过程研究进展

内陆水体是全球碳循环的关键组成部分,是大气中甲烷(CH4)的重要来源,每年从内陆淡水与自然湿地排放进入大气的CH4约为185～357 Tg/a.通常,内陆水体中CH4主要由分布于水层底部的厌氧区或沉积层内的产甲烷菌介导产生,其向水层表面传输的过程中易被甲烷氧化菌所氧化.甲烷氧化菌可分为好氧甲烷氧化菌和厌氧甲烷氧化菌,有...     

长波稳定性的季节变化

利用多层模式导得了多层斜压大气中的斜压不稳定的必要条件,还利用迭代-还原法计算了春夏秋冬实际基流上不稳定波的增长率。结果显示,长波扰动的增长率及其不稳定波的波长范围有明显的季节变化,冬季增长率最大,不稳定波的波长范围也最宽,春季次之,夏季最弱;β参数对长波不稳定起稳定化作用,它减小不稳定波的增长率,缩小不稳定波的波长范围;Froude数的影响与β参数相反,它对长波起不稳定化作用.地形的存在,使不稳定波的波长范围缩小,对增长率的影响比较复杂。     

An algorithm for determination of aerosol opticalthickness from AVHRR imagery over oceans

Summary The uncertainty in aerosol size distributions is a main source of errors in aerosol optical thickness determined from satellite measurements. To reduce the errors resulting from the uncertainty in aerosol size distributions, we have performed sensitivity analyses. It is found the errors resulting from the uncertainty in aerosol size distribution can be considerably reduced by using the Junge power law to approximate the aerosol size distribution in an actual atmosphere, if the exponent value is determined at the same time. An iterative algorithm is then developed for the simultaneous determination of aerosol optical thickness and the exponent of the Junge power law over ocean areas from the upwelling radiances measured in AVHRR visible and near infrared channels. A number of numerical experiments are carried out to investigate the validity of the Junge power law approximation by assuming the aerosol size distributions in an actual atmosphere are bimodal with different mode parameters, and by using the actual aerosol size distributions determined at several places by Kaufman et al. (1994). The results show that the errors in determined aerosol optical thickness resulting from the Junge power law approach are significantly reduced. The iterative algorithm is investigated further by comparing the aerosol optical thickness deduced from satellite measurement with that observed by a sun photometer. Received October 10, 2001 Revised December 28, 2001     

柴达木盆地北缘全吉地块东端变基性岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄：中元古代陆块裂解的证据

全吉地块东端古元古代二长花岗片麻岩中普遍发育变质的基性岩体,它们的形成时代、变质作用时代和对地块基底构造演化的指示意义尚不清楚。应用LA-ICP-MS技术测定其中的一个变基性岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄,获得的10个测点数据显示,锆石受到热事件的强烈改造而发生严重铅丢失,但拟合的不一致线仍给出相关性较好的上交点年龄1712Ma±47Ma和下交点年龄472Ma±29Ma,MSWD=1.4。这表明,变质基性岩的原岩形成于中元古代早期,是全吉地块在古元古代末期汇入Columbia超大陆之后于中元古代早期初始裂解而侵位的基性岩体。这些基性岩体在早古生代卷入了柴北缘碰撞带而发生角闪岩相变质作用,并受到构造肢解。     

小秦岭——熊耳山地区金矿时代

全面系统地了小秦岭－－熊耳山地区金矿成矿时代的研究历史和现状,根据地质特征,检验了各类测试方法的可信度,并列出了最新的测试数据。进而提出了印支期是小秦岭－－熊耳山财区乃至整个秦的一个重要的金、多金属的成矿期的新认识,认为这是华北与扬子两大板块在鲟支期完成碰撞对接这一重大地质事件中在后缘拉和机制下,驱动早期地幔柱复活成矿的结果。     

强潮流作用下桥墩不对称“双肾型”冲刷地貌特征与机理

本文在海图地形资料分析桥轴线附近的海床自然冲刷的基础上,利用多波束测深技术研究大桥主墩附近局部冲刷地形。结果表明,该大桥桥位附近地形冲刷较显著,且大桥主墩位置有持续冲刷的趋势;主墩上、下游群桩最大冲刷深度呈上游最深、中部淤积、下游渐深的不对称形态,最大局部冲刷深度为4 m;桥墩整体冲刷坑形态呈南北“双肾型”;潮流流向与桥墩迎流面存在偏南的入射角,使得各桥墩南侧的最大冲深和冲刷范围均大于北侧。     

Effects of soil conservation practices on soil erosion and the size selectivity of eroded sediment on cultivated slopes

Soil conservation practices can greatly affect the soil erosion process, but limited information is available about its influence on the particle size distribution(PSD) of eroded sediment, especially under natural rainfall. In this study, the runoff, sediment yields, and effective/ultimate PSD were measured under two conventional tillage practices, downhill ridge tillage(DT) and plat tillage(PT) and three soil conservation practices, contour ridge tillage(CT), mulching with downhill ridge tillage(MDT), and mulching with contour ridge tillage(MCT) during 21 natural rainfall events in the lower Jinsha River. The results showed that(1) soil conservation practices had a significant effect on soil erosion. The conventional tillage of DT caused highest runoff depth(0.58 to 29.13 mm) and sediment yield(0.01 to 3.19 t hm-2). Compared with DT, the annual runoff depths and sediment yields of CT, MDT and MCT decreased by 12.24%-49.75% and 40.79%-88.30%, respectively.(2) Soil conservation practices can reduce the decomposition of aggregates in sediments. The ratios of effective and ultimate particle size(E/U) of siltand sand-sized particles of DT and PT plots were close to 1, indicating that they were transported as primary particles, however, values lower/greater than 1 subject to CT, MDT and MCT plots indicated they were transported as aggregates. The ratios of E/U of claysized particles were all less than 1 independently of tillage practices.(3) The sediments of soil conservation practices were more selective than those of conventional tillage practices. For CT, MDT and MCT plots, the average enrichment ratios(ERs) of clay, silt and sand were 1.99, 1.93 and 0.42, respectively, with enrichment of clay and silt and depletion of sand in sediments. However, the compositions of the eroded sediments of DT and PT plots were similar to that of the original soil. These findings support the use of both effective and ultimate particle size distributions for studying the size selectivity of eroded sediment, and provide a scientific basis for revealing the erosion mechanism in the purple soil area of China.     

方钢管混凝土柱的三维非线性分析

本文建立了一个三维非线性有限元计算模型,旨在用来准确,有效地分析钢－混凝土组合结构,其中混凝土材料模型在于亚弹性亚弹性正交异性理论,采用Ｓａｒｇｉｎ的非线性应力－应变方程表达以及拉伸,压缩破坏面,钢单元采用等向强化的Ｖｏｎ Ｍｉｓｅｓ弹塑性模型,试验和计算比较表明该计算模型是一个比较简单但准确,有效的模型。     

基于CloudSat-CALIPSO资料的全球不同类型云的水平和垂直分布特征

云是天气与气候变化的重要影响因子,准确估量云顶高度和云量对分析云特性、降水及强天气预报、估算云辐射强迫等都具有重要意义。利用2006-2010年6-8月CloudSat卫星搭载的微波云廓线雷达（CPR,简称微波雷达）和CALIPSO卫星搭载的云-气溶胶偏振激光雷达（CALIOP,简称激光雷达）的探测资料,分析了全球云顶高度及云量的空间分布特征。结果表明,热带地区微波雷达探测云顶高度平均比激光雷达低约4 km,但均超过12 km;副热带洋面云顶高度在4 km以下,且两部雷达探测的云顶高度差异存在地域性。微波雷达对薄云、云砧及云顶高度低于2.5 km的低云存在漏判,对厚云的云顶高度偏低估;微波雷达探测的全球总云量均值为51.1%,比激光雷达少23.3%;两者给出的云量分布也存在显著的海-陆差异,其中洋面云量差异更大,如微波雷达测出局部洋面云量为80%,而激光雷达的探测结果却超过90%。由于激光雷达发射波长短,对云顶微小粒子比较敏感,而微波雷达波长较长,对相对较小粒子的探测存在局限性。因此,激光雷达对云顶高度的探测优于微波雷达。此结果不仅加强了对激光雷达和微波雷达探测原理的认识,而且进一步理解了云的气候特征。