我国海啸灾害及预警现状与建议

本文给出了海啸定义及其它有关概念与术语,简要给出了我国及全球的海啸灾害.全面介绍了我国海啸监测能力、预警现状、研究成果以及有关国际合作的情况,重点介绍了我国自主研制的海啸数值模式,利用该模式我们模拟了2004年12月26日发生在印度洋大海啸以及假想的发生在我国南海的海啸对周边国家的影响.对海啸预警中存在的问题及未来急需开展的工作,作者也将一一给予阐述.     

产壳聚糖酶菌株选育及培养条件优化

以假单胞菌Y8．0为出发菌株,分别通过亚硝基胍(NTG),Co^60,UV(紫外)诱变,采用透明圈法筛选,获得了产壳聚糖酶较好的突变菌株假单胞菌Y8,其所产酶活力达到3．0U／mL,酶活力提高近6倍,并具有较好的遗传稳定性。3种诱变方法中,UV诱变效果最好。对假单胞菌Y8产壳聚糖酶培养条件进行研究,得到1个比较优化的培养条件为：pH值6．5,温度32℃,壳聚糖3g／L,酵母膏0．3％,培养时间3d。不同金属离子及不同诱导物对酶合成的影响表明：Fe^2 ,Mg^2 激活作用显著。而Zn^2 ,Mn^2 则具有一定的抑制作用,壳聚糖和氨基葡萄糖对壳聚糖酶的产生都有较好的诱导作用。     

桑沟湾扇贝养殖对甲藻数量的影响

研究了1983-1984年和1999-2000年桑沟湾的扇贝养殖区内、外甲藻密度的变化。结果表明：扇贝养殖区内甲藻细胞的绝对密度和相对密度均低于养殖区外;在扇贝存养生物量高且摄食活跃的8月,扇贝养殖区内浮游植物的主要优势种也由甲藻变为硅藻。这表明桑沟湾的扇贝养殖对于甲藻的密度有一定的控制作用。     

蒙特卡罗法在天然气水合物资源量计算中的应用

天然气水合物甲烷资源量的估算是天然气水合物研究中的热点问题。运用体积法计算含水合物沉积物中的甲烷资源量时,存在参数赋值不确定的问题,从而影响了计算结果的可信度。采用蒙特卡罗法,通过计算样本的频率可以较好地评价和描述计算结果的信度,弥补体积法的不足。对采用蒙特卡罗法估算甲烷资源量的原理进行了分析和探讨,并以麦肯齐三角洲和南海海域水合物为例,计算了水合物赋存区的甲烷资源量。     

Ice-Induced Fatigue Analysis by Spectral Approach for Offshore Jacket Platforms with Ice-Breaking Cones

The spectral methods and ice-induced fatigue analysis are discussed based on Miner's linear cumulative fatigue hypothesis and S-N curve data.According to the long-term data of full-scale tests on the platforms in the Bohai Sea,the ice force spectrum of conical structures and the fatigue environmental model are established.Moreover,the finite element model of JZ20-2MSW platform,an example of ice-induced fatigue analysis,is built with ANSYS software.The mode analysis and dynamic analysis in frequency domain under all kinds of ice fatigue work conditions are carried on,and the fatigue life of the structure is estimated in detail.The methods in this paper can be helpful in ice-induced fatigue analysis of ice-resistant platforms.     

中国卤虫早期胚胎发育相关基因的研究--mRNA差异显示技术的三种不同染色方法比较

利用mRNA差异显示技术研究中国孤雌生殖卤虫胚胎发育的相关基因，并对中国孤雌生殖卤虫差异显示中SYBR Green Ⅰ、硝酸银和溴化乙锭三种染色方法进行了比较。以三种单碱基锚定引物对发育0h，4h，8h，12h，16h和10天的中国孤雌生殖卤虫的RNA进行逆转录和26种随机引物进行PCR反应，经非变性的6％聚丙稀酰胺凝胶电泳后，分别用SYBR Green Ⅰ、硝酸银和溴化乙锭染色，最后进行差异条带的回收和再扩增。结果表明：(1)6种样本的DD-PCR产物显示长200-3．0k不等的扩增片段，条带清晰，并呈现出有无和强弱的变化(2)SYBR Green Ⅰ和硝酸银染色的灵敏度比溴化乙锭染色的灵敏度高(3)经SYBR Green Ⅰ和溴化乙锭染色的凝胶的回收和再扩增效率比硝酸银染色的高(4)水煮法和NAP-25过柱法对凝胶片段的回收效果几乎相当。利用mRNA差异显示技术研究中国孤雌生殖卤虫胚胎发育相关基因时，得到了较好的扩增片段；三种染色方法中SYBR Green Ⅰ染色灵敏度较高，并且SYBR Green Ⅰ染色有利于凝胶片段的回收和再扩增。     

Effects of the seasonal variation in chlorophyll concentration on sea surface temperature in the global ocean

The effects of biological heating on the upper-ocean temperature of the global ocean are investigated using two ocean-only experiments forced by prescribed atmospheric fields during 1990–2007, on with fixed constant chlorophyll concentration, and the other with seasonally varying chlorophyll concentration. Although the existence of high chlorophyll concentrations can trap solar radiation in the upper layer and warm the surface, cooling sea surface temperature (SST) can be seen in some regions and seasons. Seventeen regions are selected and classified according to their dynamic processes, and the cooling mechanisms are investigated through heat budget analysis. The chlorophyll-induced SST variation is dependent on the variation in chlorophyll concentration and net surface heat flux and on such dynamic ocean processes as mixing, upwelling and advection. The mixed layer depth is also an important factor determining the effect. The chlorophyll-induced SST warming appears in most regions during the local spring to autumn when the mixed layer is shallow, e.g., low latitudes without upwelling and the mid-latitudes. Chlorophyll-induced SST cooling appears in regions experiencing strong upwelling, e.g., the western Arabian Sea, west coast of North Africa, South Africa and South America, the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, and strong mixing (with deep mixed layer depth), e.g., the mid-latitudes in winter.     

变性绕极深层水入侵时南极普里兹湾湍流混合特征研究

基于中国第28、29和31次南极科学考察中的CTD数据,利用Thorpe尺度方法计算了普里兹湾及其附近海域湍动能耗散率,分析了其分布特征,并对当地的水团结构进行研究.结果表明,普里兹湾及其附近海域中,前两个航次观测中次表层湍动能耗散率强度在陆架坡折区域达到最大.在水团分布方面,在第28和29航次中均观测到了变性绕极深层...     

The influence of Stokes drift on oil spills: Sanchi oil spill case

Spilled oil floats and travels across the water’s surface under the influence of wind, currents, and wave action. Wave-induced Stokes drift is an important physical process that can affect surface water particles but that is currently absent from oil spill analyses. In this study, two methods are applied to determine the velocity of Stokes drift, the first calculates velocity from the wind-related formula based upon a one-dimensional frequency spectrum, while the second determines velocity directly from the wave model that was based on a two-dimensional spectrum. The experimental results of numerous models indicated that: (1) oil simulations that include the influence of Stokes drift are more accurate than that those do not; (2) for medium and long-term simulations longer than two days or more, Stokes drift is a significant factor that should not be ignored, and its magnitude can reach about 2% of the wind speed; (3) the velocity of Stokes drift is related to the wind but is not linear. Therefore, Stokes drift cannot simply be replaced or substituted by simply increasing the wind drift factor, which can cause errors in oil spill projections; (4) the Stokes drift velocity obtained from the two-dimensional wave spectrum makes the oil spill simulation more accurate.     

越冬对池塘专养模式下中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)机体形态、血清生化、脏器相关功能酶活力及肌肉和裙边物性的影响

水生动物往往会通过调整自身生理生化特征而形成各自固有的越冬生存适应对策,因此,深入探究越冬对具有冬眠习性的目标水产养殖动物机体生理状况的影响过程与机制,对指导其安全养殖具重要参考价值。以池塘专养模式下2⁺龄中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)同生群个体为研究对象,从机体形态、血清生化、脏器相关功能酶活力和肌肉与裙边物性等四个维度开展了中华鳖越冬前后生理生化特征的差异研究,以进一步了解越冬对中华鳖生理生化的影响特征。结果表明:(1)越冬期间实验中华鳖总体上呈现较明显的生长态势,所测30项体尺性状和12项质量性状测定值间的差异相似性分别为46.7%和8.3%;(2)所测16项血清生化指标中,越冬后显著降低的为TG等5项(P<0.05),显著增加的为TP等4项(P<0.05),无显著差异的为GLB等7项(P>0.05);(3)所测8项脏器酶学指标中,越冬后酶活力显著下降的为肝脏CAT、POD和脂肪酶(P<0.05),显著升高的为胃蛋白酶等相关酶指标(P<0.05);(4)所测7项物性指标中,越冬后裙边弹性和咀嚼性均显著增加(P<0.05),其余为下降或无显著差异(P>0.05)。表明越冬为引起肝脏功能发生正常切换的重要时期,但不会引起心肝功能产生实质性改变。研究结果可为中华鳖越冬生理生态学研究和池养中华鳖越冬管理技术体系构建提供基础资料。