滆湖磷迁移过程的研究(一)——磷迁移模型的建立

通过滆湖磷的来源途径(入湖河道、湖区径流、湖面沉降、养殖技饵、底泥释放)和湖体各要素(水体、浮游植物、大型水生植物、鱼类等)中磷迁移过程调查资料的分析,建立了描述磷在上述各要素中迁移过程的数学模型.经实测资料验证,模型的计算值与实测值的平均相对误差在9.9%-18.6%.基本反映了磷的迁移过程及动态变化规律,对该湖磷浓度预测及磷资源合理利用具有重要的意义.     

Geomorphology and sediment dynamics of the Liyashan oyster reefs,Jiangsu Coast,China

Oyster reefs and their spatial patterns are deemed to change the local hydrodynamic condition and exert profound impacts on the grain size, concentration and transportation of suspended sediments. Meanwhile, high suspended sediment concentration often results in excess mortality among oysters. Oyster reefs are rare and vital ecosystem in Liyashan national marine park, Jiangsu Coast, China. However, urgent conservation efforts should be made on account of the drastic reduction in reef areas. To investigate the sediment dynamics and the geomorphology, two tripod observation systems were deployed and UAV aerial surveys with elevation measurement using Real Time Kinematic (RTK) were also carried out. High mud content (60%) was found in the bed sediment at the reef ridge, causing much lower drag coefficient than other recorded values of living oyster reefs, indicating the death of oysters and the degradation of reefs in Liyashan. Ridgelines of the string reefs at 45° to the current direction and high suspended sediment concentration in the water body (50–370 mg/L) that exceeds the threshold (200 mg/L), which would affect nutrient uptake efficiency and further result in gill saturation, decrease of clearance rate and associated deposition, were probably crucial causes of the death of oysters. The findings are useful for restoring natural oyster reefs and designing artificial reefs for nature-based coastal defense.     

利用接收函数方法研究青藏高原东南部地壳结构

青藏高原东南部作为板块碰撞的前缘地带一直是地球科学研究的热点,为了揭示碰撞前缘地带地壳结构特征,作者 利用布设在中国青藏高原东南部的38个宽频带流动台站记录的2487条远震P波接收函数,采用接收函数CCP叠加（共转换点 叠加）和H-κ叠加两种方法获得了研究区域详细的地壳厚度图像和泊松比值。研究结果显示：两种方法获得的地壳厚度特征 具有较好的一致性;青藏高原东南部地壳厚度存在明显的东西差异和南北差异;喜马拉雅构造区内莫霍面深度变化较大, 介于65~80 km之间;拉萨地体内莫霍面深度介于72~80 km之间;雅鲁藏布缝合带两侧地壳厚度突变,缝合带北侧和南侧地 壳厚度相差约8 km。研究区域平均泊松比值较小,为0.24,和大多数造山带泊松比偏低的特征类似。研究区域中下地壳广 泛存在强转换界面,该界面可能对应中下地壳高速层的上界面,埋深40~70 km,表明壳内发生深熔或部分熔融作用,导致 壳内发生重力分异,在中下地壳形成了高速薄层。     

Changes in soil organic carbon and its active fractions in different desertification stages of alpine-cold grassland in the eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

In recent years, the desertification of alpine-cold grasslands has become increasingly serious in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China, but it has not received the same amount of attention as has desertification in (semi)arid areas. Little is thus known about the change in soil organic carbon (SOC) during alpine-cold grassland desertification. To quantify the impacts of desertification on vegetation, SOC and its active fractions in alpine-cold grasslands, areas of light desertified grassland, medium desertified grassland, heavy desertified grassland, serious desertified grassland, and nondesertified grassland were selected as experimental sites in the eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China. The species number, height and coverage of vegetation were surveyed, and the soil particle fractions, SOC and SOC active fractions (including dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and labile organic carbon (LOC) were measured to a depth of 0–100 cm. The results showed that alpine-cold grassland desertification resulted in a significant reduction in vegetation cover, plant biomass, fine soil particles, SOC, DOC, LOC and MBC. The decreases in DOC, LOC and MBC were more rapid and apparent than were those in SOC, and the decrease in MBC was the most obvious among them. The rates of reduction in SOC concentrations accelerated as desertification progressed; most of the SOC was lost in the middle and later desertification stages, with lower losses during early desertification. The results indicate that active SOC fractions, particularly MBC, are more sensitive to desertification and can be used as sensitive indicators of desertification. Efforts to limit desertification and reduce SOC loss in alpine-cold grasslands should focus on early desertification stages and adopt strategies to prevent overgrazing and control the erosion of soil by wind.     

PTC管桩复合地基应力扩散效应研究

预应力混凝土薄壁（PTC）管桩复合地基作为常见的基础型式在软土地区具有良好的实用价值和应用前景。在实际工程中,复合地基下卧层附加应力的确定一直是重点和难点,因此对PTC管桩复合地基应力扩散效应的研究具有十分重要的意义。针对天津软土地区进行了3组不同垫层厚度的复合地基现场静载试验,基于现场试验建立并验证了数值模拟方法,对比研究了该型式复合地基的承载特性;通过已建立的数值模拟方法研究了不同工况下PTC管桩复合地基的应力扩散现象,结合复合地基应力扩散理论确定了扩散角的取值范围,分析了土质、加固深度和外荷载对扩散角的影响规律。计算结果可为工程设计提供依据。     

Changes of soil surface roughness under water erosion process

The objective of this study was to determine the changing characteristics of soil surface roughness under different rainfall intensities and examine the interaction between soil surface roughness and different water erosion processes. Four artificial management practices (raking cropland, artificial hoeing, artificial digging, and contour tillage) were used according to the local agriculture customs of the Loess Plateau of China to simulate different types of soil surface roughness, using an additional smooth slope for comparison purposes. A total of 20 rainfall simulation experiments were conducted in five 1 m by 2 m boxes under two rainfall intensities (0.68 and 1.50 mm min^?1) on a 15° slope. During splash erosion, soil surface roughness decreased in all treatments except raking cropland and smooth baseline under rainfall intensity of 0.68 mm min^?1, while increasing for all treatments except smooth baseline under rainfall intensity of 1.50 mm min^?1. During sheet erosion, soil surface roughness decreased for all treatments except hoeing cropland under rainfall intensity of 0.68 mm min^?1. However, soil surface roughness increased for the artificial hoeing and raking cropland under rainfall intensity of 1.50 mm min^?1. Soil surface roughness has a control effect on sheet erosion for different treatments under two rainfall intensities. For rill erosion, soil surface roughness increased for raking cropland and artificial hoeing treatments, and soil surface roughness decreased for artificial digging and the contour tillage treatments under two rainfall intensities. Under rainfall intensity of 0.68 mm min^?1, the critical soil surface roughness was 0.706 cm for the resistance control of runoff and sediment yield. Under rainfall intensity of 1.50 mm min^?1, the critical soil surface roughness was 1.633 cm for the resistance control of runoff, while the critical soil surface roughness was 0.706 cm for the resistance control of sediment yield. These findings have important implications for clarifying the erosive nature of soil surface roughness and harnessing sloped farmland. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Significance of fossilized microbes from the Cambrian stromatolites in the Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Samples of the Cambrian microbial dolomites were collected from Penglaiba section,a well-exposed stratigraphic section in the northwestern area of the Tarim Basin.This study provides an analogue for mediated dolomites that can precipitate in microbial mats and biofilms.The Cambrian stromatolitic dolomites were studied using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy.The results are as follows:(1)dolomites with 50 nm to 100 nm spherical nanostructures are aggregated into minerals of larger sphericities;(2)nanospherical dolomites of 50 nm to 170 nm diameter are densely arranged as dumbbell-shaped or chained aggregates;(3)silicified filaments,as well as dumbbell-shaped and chain arrangements,are preserved as important microstructures.On the basis of sedimentological,compositional,geochemical,and petrographic data,the microstructures were interpreted as nanoglobules that function as bacteria in the nucleation and filament mineralization stages.The microstructures function as such because they are wrapped in extracellular polymeric substance(EPS)or mucus and mineralized fossils.Silicification accounts for the exceptional preservation of microbial mat structures,including biofilms,as well as filamentous and coccoid microbes.In addition,EPS process is capable of binding different elements,with preference for Si,Mg,and Ca.Such suitable composition favors microbe mineralization and dolomite nucleation on organic substrates.These microscopic structures suggest bacterial mineralization and provide visual evidence for the origin of microbial dolomites.     

河流附近非水平初始面潜水渗流分析

考虑初始面非水平条件,建立河流边界控制下的半无限含水层渗流模型,提出非水平初始面及其相关参数（a、t_N）的简易计算方法,并探讨模型的适用条件。分析表明,该法适用于观测数据较少、地下水水位变幅相对于潜水含水层厚度较小、且观测孔距河岸较近条件下河流附近潜水含水层渗流计算。结合实例,采用查表法和配线法求解模型。计算结果表明:参数a和t_N的计算值不同,水位计算误差在0.02 m以内,较原公式精度有明显提高。新模型为初始面非水平条件下的潜水渗流计算提供一种简易方法。     

CSAMT勘探中场区、记录规则、阴影及场源复印效应的解析研究

由矢量位导出均匀大地表面上水平接地谐变电偶极子地下电磁场的闭合表达式, 将地层波和地面波显式地区分开来, 据此定义了与远区场和近区场对应的地面波区和地层波区. 对长期困扰CSAMT勘探工作者的记录点问题、阴影和场源复印效应问题给出了物理解释. 由地层波与地面波之比给出了定量划分场区的方法, 每一场分量最佳记录规则下的条件和判断是产生阴影和场源复印效应的前提. 山西沁水盆地CSAMT勘探覆盖点的推断结果表明, 阴影和场源复印效应是由地层波所携带的源与观测点之间、源下方真实地质情况的信息决定, 是可以利用的.     

济阳坳陷新生代主要生油岩系底界面温度分布

依据济阳坳陷千余口测温井的地温梯度数据和地层岩性描述、分层数据以及钻井资料,计算了该区各生油岩系底界面的温度。统计结果表明:济阳坳陷大部分地带沙河街组地层底界面温度介于90～150℃之间,目前仍具有大量生油的温度条件,而在一些凸起地区和斜坡地带,该地层组段温度普遍小于90℃,未能达到生油的温度指标;孔店组地层也具有一定的生油温度条件。研究表明,地层温度与地层界面埋深密切相关,温度随界面埋深的增大而升高,沉积厚度大的凹陷带界面温度大于沉积厚度小的凸起区或斜坡地带,说明地层界面埋深是决定地温高低的主要控制因素,而地温梯度对地层界面温度的影响相对较小。