CHEMINI: A new in situ CHEmical MINIaturized analyzer

“CHEMINI” is a new instrument developed for the measurement of seawater chemical parameters. It is a mono-parameter in situ chemical analyzer based on flow injection analysis and colorimetric detection. The deep-sea version of CHEMINI combines two modules to perform the analysis of dissolved iron [Fe (II) or Fe (II+III)] and total sulphide (H₂S+HS^?+S^2?) up to 6000 m depth. Detection limits are, respectively, 0.3 and 0.1 μM for iron and sulphide. The system proved highly reliable during the MoMARETO cruise on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The two CHEMINIs were used to describe the chemical environment in 12 mussel beds on the Tour Eiffel hydrothermal edifice.     

Improving Indigenous Technologies for Sustainable Land Use in Northern Mountainous Areas of Vietnam

More than 30 ethnic groups are now living in northern mountainous regions, Vietnam, mainly relying on shifting cultivation with the fallow period being shortened from time to time. Naturally, soil fertility reduces from cycle to cycle, entailing the reduction of productivity. Large areas of moderately sloping lands suitable for upland agriculture have become bare after many cultivation-fallow cycles. The soils there have been severely degraded with more toxicity, low porosity, low water retention capacity and poor floral diversity. Normally, these lands cannot be used for food crop cultivation. So farmers in uplands have to rely on slash-and-burn practices for their livelihood. As there is no more forest with good soil in medium slopes, farmers go to cut forests in watershed, high slope lands and old forests up to the mountains‘ top. There are ecologically and environmentally very sensitive areas, so their destruction will inevitably cause hazardous consequences in the whole basin. Meanwhile,cultivation in these areas has low economic efficiency and sustainability because the crop yield may decrease very fast due to severe erosion as the higher the slope, the more serious erosion. Consequently living standards of highland farmers remain low and unstable. Sustainable farming on these lands in the perspective of a seriously deteriorated ecology and environmental is not an easy task. There have been many projects trying to help mountainous farmers get out of their vicious circle. However, due to different reasons, the results gained are low, and in some cases,things ceased to move after the projects phased out. During past few years, based on the farmer experiences, the Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute has cooperated with local and international partners to implement different projects in order to solve the problems by developing simple, easy and cheap cultivation technologies, which can be accepted and applied by local poor farmers for sustainable agricultural production. The first results of our activities offered good opportunities for sustain food production, improve soil health, recharge of aquifers,and enhanced household income for better rural lively hoods in the upland eco-regions of northern Vietnam.     

黑洞吸积理论及其天体物理学应用的近期发展(Ⅱ)

黑洞吸积理论是天体物理学的一个基础理论,是认识许多高能天体系统如活动星系核、黑洞X射线双星,以及伽马暴等的重要物理基础.该文评述近年来黑洞吸积理论尤其是径移主导吸积流模型(advection-dominated accretion flow)及其变种的主要发展,并介绍该理论在银河系中心、低光度活动星系核、黑洞X射线双星等方面的应用.共分为两篇,该文是第2篇,内容是关于黑洞热吸积流理论在低光度活动星系核以及黑洞X射线双星方面的应用.     

Extensional tectonics in the Gorringe Bank rocks, Eastern Atlantic ocean: evidence of an oceanic ultra-slow mantellic accreting centre

The Gorringe Bank corresponds to an upper mantle peridotite ridge enclosing a 500-m thick/ 50-km long laccolith-like body of gabbro, locally cut and poorly covered by tholeiitic rocks. Strain and kinematic analysis of orientated gabbros and peridotites sampled during the GORRINGE diving cruise (1996) provides new kinematic constraints on extensional high-temperature deformation recorded at deep levels during stretching, near an accreting centre axis of a mantle-dominant oceanic lithosphere. It is argued that the Gorringe Bank lithosphere formed at an oceanic ultra-slow, N010°–020°-trending accreting centre, mostly by passive tectonic denudation of the mantle, without any synchronous large magmatism. This peculiar lithosphere may be representative of the Iberia oceanic domain located between the continent and the J anomaly ridge, which likely marks the beginning of true spreading at an oceanic spreading ridge.     

应用实时定量PCR技术检测秦皇岛近岸海域褐潮原因种——抑食金球藻(Aureococcus anophagefferens)

Aureococcus anophagefferens, a small pelagophyte algae, has caused brown tide blooms in coastal waters of Qinhuangdao in recent years, presenting significant negative impacts on the shellfish mariculture industry. Under standard light microscopy, it is visually indistinguishable from other small algae in field samples due to its extremely small size. In this study, quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR) based on 18 S r DNA sequences was developed and used to detect and enumerate A. anophagefferens. A linear regression(R2 = 0.91) was generated based on cycle thresholds value(Ct) versus known concentrations of A. anophagefferens. Twenty-two field samples collected in coastal waters of Qinhuangdao were subjected to DNA extraction and then analyzed using q PCR. Results showed that A. anophagefferens had a wide distribution in coastal waters along Qinhuangdao. Elevated A. anophagefferens abundance, category 3 brown tide blooms(200 000 cells/m L) occurred at Dongshan Beach and Tiger-stone Beach in August in 2013. In shellfish mariculture areas along coastal waters of Qinhuangdao, 4 stations had category 3 blooms, and 6 stations had category 2 blooms(35 000–200 000 cells/m L) in August and all stations had category 1 blooms(0 to ≤35 000 cells/m L) in October. Quantitative PCR allows for detection of A. anophagefferens cells at low levels in filed samples, which is essential to effective management and prediction of brown tide blooms.     

黄河三角洲滨海湿地沉积环境演化与碳的累积

2007年在黄河三角洲布设一口23.7 m深的浅钻(ZK5),对ZK5进行沉积学观测及原位密度、总碳、有机碳、Al和营养元素实验室测试分析,对ZK5的沉积物性质、有孔虫种类和地层等进行分析,将ZK5自上而下划分为7个沉积环境,揭示了滨海湿地地质演化过程。利用AMS14C测年方法,结合黄河改道的历史,运用历史地理学和沉积地质学综合分析的方法对7个沉积地层进行了年代确定。利用所确定的年代计算了不同沉积环境总碳(TC)和有机碳(Corg)的加积速率。结果表明:TC和Corg与各营养元素及沉积物的沉积速率呈很好的线性相关,沉积物的沉积速率是Corg和TC加积速率的主控因素。还进一步指出,虽然现代黄河三角洲TC、Corg浓度相对较低(质量比分别为9~20 mg/g,1~4 mg/g),但由于其高沉积速率(最高可达60 cm/a),Corg的加积速率高于世界其他高Corg浓度的湿地,特别是浅海湿地(如三角洲前缘),其Corg加积速率可高达2 102 g/(m2·a)。由此,可以断言现代黄河三角洲是很好的碳汇地质体。     

国外自发地理信息研究进展及对我国的启示

在内涵解析的基础上,主要从数据质量评估、贡献者分类与动机以及法律议题三方面归纳与梳理国外自发地理信息的研究情况。相比较而言,我国对自发地理信息的研究无论从深度还是广度上都处于起步阶段,未来研究应从四个方面深入开展:政府主导下的公众贡献自发地理信息;数据质量控制;移动自发地理信息以及自发地理信息涉及的法律议题。     

青海大柴旦断裂古地震特征

通过卫星影像解译发现,青海海西地区大柴旦东侧山前洪积扇上发育了一条影像特征清晰、连续性较好的活动断裂带,被称为大柴旦断裂。野外追踪调查确认该断裂为一条总体走向NNW(340°左右),长度约125km的活动断裂带。该断裂属柴达木盆地北缘断裂系的重要组成部分,晚第四纪构造活动具挤压逆冲特征兼右旋走滑分量。山前冲洪积扇保存有多级较小的断层陡坎、断层沟槽和冲沟右旋等断错地貌现象。利用差分GPS技术对断层陡坎进行测量,单条小陡坎的高度一般为0.5~1m,多条陡坎组合累积高度为3~5m。通过对2个天然古地震剖面和3个探槽剖面进行综合分析,最前缘的主控断层为逆冲断层,后缘表现为张性正断层的组合形式,断裂新构造活动具有逐渐向山前扩展的特征。根据样品14C测年结果大致确定了5次古地震事件,其中全新世以来有4次;古地震时间具有准周期性,其复发间隔约为2 000年。最近一次古地震事件的离逝时间是(1 935±60)a B.P.之后,说明大柴旦断裂离逝时间与复发间隔较接近,地震危险性比较高。     

多频多模GNSS接收机差分相位偏差的短期时变特性

随着中国北斗三号全球导航卫星系统(BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System,BDS-3)的建成、欧盟伽利略系统(Galileo)及日本准天顶卫星系统(quasi-zenith satellite system,QZSS)的发展,越来越多的卫星可用于反演大气电离层.通常,接收机差分码偏差(differential code biases,DCB)的短时变化被认为是利用全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)反演电离层的重要误差来源,然而,有研究表明,接收机差分相位偏差(differential phase biases,DPB)的短时变化也有可能影响电离层反演的精度和可靠性.为此,本文提出了基于站间单差模型并采用不变换参考星策略来估计接收机DPB的方法,可实现接收机DPB的连续估计.基于几台可跟踪BDS-3信号的多频多模接收机采集的数据,对BDS-3、Galileo、GPS和QZSS重叠频率组合的DPB进行了分析.结果表明,四系统的接收机DPB日变化都是很明显的,并且和温度有很强的相关性;基于不同系统重叠频率组合的DPB之间存在强相关;基于相同类型接收机的DPB的变化也存在明显的相关性.