THERMAP: a mid-infrared spectro-imager for space missions to small bodies in the inner solar system

We present THERMAP, a mid-infrared spectro-imager for space missions to small bodies in the inner solar system, developed in the framework of the MarcoPolo-R asteroid sample return mission. THERMAP is very well suited to characterize the surface thermal environment of a NEO and to map its surface composition. The instrument has two channels, one for imaging and one for spectroscopy: it is both a thermal camera with full 2D imaging capabilities and a slit spectrometer. THERMAP takes advantage of the recent technological developments of uncooled microbolometer arrays, sensitive in the mid-infrared spectral range. THERMAP can acquire thermal images (8–18 μm) of the surface and perform absolute temperature measurements with a precision better than 3.5 K above 200 K. THERMAP can acquire mid-infrared spectra (8–16 μm) of the surface with a spectral resolution Δλ of 0.3 μm. For surface temperatures above 350 K, spectra have a signal-to-noise ratio >60 in the spectral range 9–13 μm where most emission features occur.     

惠民凹陷中央隆起带异常低压特征及成因分析

惠民凹陷普遍存在异常低压现象,低压发育层段为沙河街组二段、三段,且集中分布在中央隆起带周边。前人对异常低压成因研究尚存在于定性描述阶段,应用295口井试油实测地层压力数据,分析了惠民凹陷地层压力纵向、平面分布特征;从引起异常低压主要因素入手,定量分析了抬升地层剥蚀、地层温度降低、蚀变耗水作用、蚀变矿物体积变化对地层压力的影响。结果表明,地层剥蚀孔隙反弹引起地层压力降低0516 MPa;地温下降造成地层压力降低202~373 MPa;蚀变耗水引起地层压力降低864 MPa;蚀变矿物体积变化使得地层压力降低436 MPa;成藏期烃类充注,地层压力增加量小于32 MPa。以上各因素共同作用,使得中央隆起带压力演化呈现降压-增压-降压的旋回性,并最终形成现今压力分布格局。     

膜孔灌溉下土壤入渗特征的多因素分析

为了研究土壤容重、初始含水率、压力水头、黏粒含量和入渗时间5个因素对膜孔灌自由入渗特性的影响,根据正交试验设计12组试验（9组试验,3组验证试验）。通过开展室内膜孔灌试验,研究了多因素交互对膜孔灌自由入渗单位膜孔面积累积入渗量、入渗率及平均体积含水率增量的影响,并分别建立了单位膜孔面积累积入渗量和湿润体内平均体积含水率增量与各影响因素之间的经验模型。两模型的均方根误差分别为0.032 cm、0.006 cm3/cm3,相关系数均大于0.97,决定系数均大于0.95（P<0.01）,经验证模型计算值与实测值相对误差均在±13%范围以内。研究表明:压力水头对单位膜孔面积累积入渗量影响不显著（P>0.05）,初始含水率对其影响显著（P<0.05）,而土壤容重、黏粒含量和入渗时间对其影响极显著（P<0.01）,其影响程度由大到小依次为入渗时间、黏粒含量、土壤容重和初始含水率;湿润体内平均体积含水率增量不受入渗时间影响,4个因素对其影响均极显著（P<0.01）,其影响程度由大到小依次为初始含水率、土壤容重、压力水头和黏粒含量。研究成果可为进一步优化膜孔灌灌水技术要素组合提供理论依据。     

Investigating the impacts of typhoon-induced floods on the agriculture in the central region of Vietnam by using hydrological models and satellite data

Flooding associated with landing tropical cyclones (TCs) is one of the major natural hazards in the coastal region of Vietnam. Annually, approximately 5 or 6 TCs make landfall in Vietnam, bringing heavy rains and inducing flooding, particularly to the central coastal region because of its topography and geographic configuration. This study focuses on the modelling of typhoon-induced floods that have resulted in widespread damage to agriculture over the central Thua Thien Hue Province of Vietnam by coupling two well-known hydrological models, KINEROS2 and HEC-RAS (Daniel et al. in Open Hydrol J 5(1), 2011), and using GSMaP (Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation) data as the satellite rainfall input. Landsat imagery and GIS are also used for mapping and analysing the inundated areas. The discharge and water level from the KINEROS2 and HEC-RAS models displayed acceptable results for the floods modelled from three selected typhoons; both the Nash–Sutcliffe simulation efficiency coefficient (NSE) and the coefficient of determination (R²) were greater than 0.6. The simulated inundation maps of these typhoon-induced floods were compared with those extracted from the Landsat imagery to assess consistency. The result revealed a similar spatial extension of the inundated agricultural areas. This information, together with the forecasted TC movements and associated rainfalls, will be helpful to plan methods for mitigating potential typhoon-induced flooding and damage, particularly damage to agricultural regions.     

Illumina sequencing for the identification of filamentous bulking and foaming bacteria in industrial activated sludge plants

In this study, Illumina sequencing was used for the identification of bulking and foaming bacteria in industrial wastewater treatment plants. The reliable identification of bulking and foaming bacteria represents the first step in developing effective and specific control strategies to avoid disturbances in activated sludge systems. Illumina sequencing revealed 432 16S rRNA operational taxonomic units, representing phylotypes and including 21 bulking and foaming bacteria in the two investigated industrial wastewater treatment plants. Foaming represents the most severe problem in the cascade biology system. Up to 22.5% of all sequencing reads are bulking and foaming bacteria, including Chryseobacterium, Candidatus Microthrix parvicella and Gordonia sp. as the dominant bulking and foaming bacteria which are known for foam formation. Moreover, Illumina sequencing revealed an increase in Candidatus Microthrix parvicella and Gordonia sp. reads from activated sludge to foam and scum samples, indicating a preferred flotation and/or growth advantages in the foam and scum layers. Analyses of the taxonomic assignment and distribution showed that the phylum Actinobacteria is the most dominant phylum, underlining the key role of Actinobacteria in bulking and foaming. Multivariate data analysis was applied, revealing that the dominant bulking and foaming bacteria are positively correlated with the sludge age and influent flow and negatively correlated with the dissolved oxygen level and the temperature. In terms of developing a specific control strategy, the positive linear relationships to the fatty acid and surfactant sludge loadings are highlighted and the removal of lipid compounds from the wastewater influent could avoid an overgrowth of bulking and foaming bacteria.     

满洲里地区巴勒根哈德古火山口的发现及区域构造背景研究

满洲里地区位于额尔古纳成矿带南段,深受古亚洲构造域和太平洋构造域的影响。在中生代产生了具有很大影响的构造——岩浆活动。2011年在进行国家地质调查项目时,首次在内蒙古新巴尔虎右旗西北约42 km处发现一个被第四系掩盖的古火山口,称为巴勒根哈德古火山口,地理坐标为东经116°20.6096',北纬48°51.4327'。在遥感影像图上表现为与之相对应的环形构造和放射状水系,非常清晰地显示出环状火山口。岩性主要由流纹质火山角砾熔岩、火山集块熔岩、火山集块角砾熔岩与流纹岩组成,构成数个韵律层。除顶底不完整以外,可见三个完整的喷发韵律层,均由爆发相开始,以溢流相结束,爆发指数为0.72~0.92,自下而上喷发力度逐渐减弱。流纹岩中锆石U-Pb测年获得其年龄为167.8±3.3~162.2±2.1 Ma,指示该火山喷发的时代为中侏罗世。应力场分析研究认为本地区在中生代早期σ1为NWW向,稍后转为NNW向,说明中生代以后本地区应力场由古亚洲体制转为太平洋构造体制。由于叠加了NNW方向的挤压作用,导致得尔布干断裂带活化,并形成了NNE向具有左旋剪切性质的额尔古纳断裂带以及与之配套的NWW向的张性断裂,二者的交切处成为中侏罗世中酸性岩浆上升和就位的最佳空间。因此,在NNE向上常形成串珠状分布的中心式火山口群,巴勒根哈德和甲乌拉火山口就是其中的两个,它们是古亚洲构造和太平洋构造背景共同作用下的产物。     

联合热红外与微波的作物辐射方向性模型研究

热红外遥感提供地表表层辐射信息为主,被动微波遥感可更好地提供植被和土壤背景垂直结构的辐射信息。结合热红外与被动微波遥感的优势协同反演植被和土壤组分温度是提高组分温度反演精度的一种思路。本文在对热红外辐射传输模型和微波辐射模型进行比较的基础上,构建均匀作物的统一场景,将统一场景的参数分为直接参数和间接参数。基于统一场景,修改微波辐射模型的场景结构及叶倾角分布,并增加组分温度参数以计算辐射亮温,最终构建热红外与微波辐射联合模拟模型(UEasmmes模型)。针对均匀玉米作物,利用UEasmmes模型进行联合模拟,分析了组分温度、组分发射率、叶面积指数LAI及叶倾角分布LAD对热红外与微波的方向性亮温DBT的敏感性响应差异。分析结果表明:协同热红外与被动微波遥感反演植被和土壤组分温度是可行的,但对于如何克服组分发射率、LAI及LAD对植被有效发射率的影响而导致的微波辐射亮温变化以及实现热红外表皮温度与微波等效温度之间的转化仍是需要深入研究和探讨的问题。     

Statistical properties of X-class flares and their relationship with super active regions during solar cycles 21–23

We investigate the statistical distribution of X-class flares and their relationship with super active regions (SARs) during solar cycles 21–23. Analysis results show that X1.0–X1.9 flares accounted for 52.71 % of all X-class flares, with X2.0–X2.9 flares at 20.59 %, X3.0–X4.9 at 13.57 %, X5–X9.9 at 8.37 % and ≥X10 at 4.75 %. All X-class flares occurred around the solar maximum during solar cycle 22, while in solar cycle 23, X-class flares were scattered in distribution. In solar cycle 21, X-class flares were distributed neither in a concentrated manner like cycle 22 nor in a scattered manner as cycle 23. During solar cycles 21–23, 32.2 % of the X1.0–X1.9 flares, 31.9 % of the X2.0–X2.9 flares, 43.3 % of the X3.0–X4.9 flares, 81.08 % of the X5.0–X9.9 flares, and 95.2 % of the ≥X10 flares were produced by SARs.