基于N-KD树的空间点数据分组算法

随着科学技术的进步,地理空间数据的分析处理面临着数据量膨胀和计算量高速增长的双重挑战,为了解决海量数据处理速度慢的问题,本文针对空间分布不均匀的点数据,从数据并行的角度,以保持数据的空间邻近性及保证数据分组后各组数据量负载均衡为目标,提出基于N-KD树（Number-K Dimension Tree）数据动态分组的方法,其是一种面向实时变化（数据量和数据空间范围变化）的空间数据动态分组方法。该方法借鉴K-D树的创建和最临近点搜索的思想,通过方差判断数据分布稀疏程度,利用最临近点搜索方法处理边界点,实现空间范围的不均等切分,保证数据分组后各组数据量基本均衡。试验表明,该方法具有较好的动态分组效果与较高的计算效率;支持各种分布状态的空间点数据的分组;分组后各组数据量负载均衡;分组算法本身有支持并行、支持分布式协同工作模式的特点。     

湍流相干结构在中蒙中区一次沙尘暴起沙中的作用

起沙机制是沙尘暴天气研究中一个重要问题.本文基于中蒙中区一次沙尘暴天气过程,通过提取沙尘源地涡动相关数据中的湍流相干结构（Coherent structure,简称为CS）,研究了CS在起沙中的作用.结果发现：（1）起沙期间存在CS,其典型特征表现为上扬—下扫循环,即暖空气的辐合上升与冷空气的辐散下沉相伴;（2）起沙期间,CS具有频次高、持续时间短、间歇性适中、连发频繁、速度切变大、水平尺度远大于垂直尺度和尺度变化比较大的特点;（3）CS是重要的起沙机制,它可起动粒径在0.1~156 μm之间的各种沙粒,起动最多的是粒径低于8 μm的粉粒与粘粒,但CS不是唯一的起沙机制;（4）CS的上扬与下扫两过程均可引起起沙,区别在于前者通过暖空气的上升将沙粒向上空输送,后者则是将上空高速冷空气拖带下来引起地表沙粒的起动;（5）CS起沙分为单起式和连发配合式两种形式.单起式是单发CS产生的起沙形式,连发配合式是连发的CS产生的跃移—上扬的配合起沙形式.其中,连发配合式为主要形式;（6）下扫过程对起沙的贡献是上扬过程的1.8~15倍,上扬过程可将下扫过程中起动沙粒的1/3左右向上输送到空中;（7）一般情况下,CS对起沙具有稳定的贡献,其贡献率为51%,当临界起沙风速大于13 m·s^-1时,其贡献急剧降低.

     

协同多时相波谱特征的不透水面信息级联提取

不透水面作为反应城市表征变化和区域城镇化的重要技术指标,其位置、图斑大小、空间分布等信息在地表水热循环和能量平衡等领域被广泛需求。传统方法大都基于单一时相信息提取不透水面,而忽略多时相所蕴含的丰富信息。因此,本文提出多时相信息融合的不透水面级联提取方法,利用Landsat-8 OLI遥感影像分析归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI）、改进的归一化水体指数（Modified Normalized Difference Water Index, MNDWI）和归一化建筑指数（Normalized Difference Building Index, NDBI）年内时序变化特点和典型地物间多时相波谱曲线的协同特征,并归纳不透水面多时相变化规律;再根据先验知识所获取的有效地表信息,进行多时相分级提取不透水面信息。此外,基于实地考察数据和同期2 m GF-1遥感影像屏幕数字化生成30 m不透水面图斑,进行精度验证、分析和对比单时相、四季相及多时相3种时序情况下的提取精度。结果表明：单时相提取不透水面总精度最低,四季相提取精度优于单时相,而多时相提取精度最高（精度可达93.66%,Kappa系数为0.81）。本方法在偏远城镇不透水面的有效识别中显露潜在优势,可为不透水面提取方法融合时序波谱特征提供新思路。     

中国泥化夹层的研究进展

泥化夹层是一种典型的软弱结构面,经常引发许多工程地质问题,如斜坡和坝基失稳,地下洞室围岩变形等。开展泥化夹层的工程地质特征及其演化过程研究,探讨泥化夹层对岩质边坡稳定性的影响,一直是本课题的研究重点。根据近年来国内围绕泥化夹层所取得的研究成果,重点对泥化夹层的形成机理、分类和分布规律、力学特性、工程地质特征和抗滑稳定性研究进展进行了概述和总结,得出以下主要认识：泥化夹层的形成模式有3种,层间错动作用是最普遍的形成模式;泥化夹层的空间分布研究主要集中在定性描述和规律总结方面;泥化夹层是黏弹塑性体系,主要研究了其剪切蠕变特性。在此基础上,最后笔者对该领域今后的研究重点和方向提出了建议,包括：软弱夹层的泥化演化过程研究;泥化夹层的三维空间分布和可视化研究;泥化夹层的剪切蠕变理论模型,泥化夹层的细观损伤破坏动态演变规律、应力松弛特性和动力特性,泥化夹层与围岩间的接触面及组合岩体的力学特性;扩展和深入泥化夹层对边坡稳定性的影响研究。     

The formation of porphyry copper deposits

Copper is a moderately incompatible chalcophile element. Its behavior is strongly controlled by sulfides. The speciation of sulfur is controlled by oxygen fugacity. Therefore, porphyry Cu deposits are usually oxidized (with oxygen fugacities > ΔFMQ +2) (Mungall 2002; Sun et al. 2015). The problem is that while most of the magmas at convergent margins are highly oxidized, porphyry Cu deposits are very rare, suggesting that high oxygen fugacity alone is not sufficient. Partial melting of mantle peridotite even at very high oxygen fugacities forms arc magmas with initial Cu contents too low to form porphyry Cu deposits directly (Lee et al. 2012; Wilkinson 2013). Here we show that partial melting of subducted young oceanic slabs at high oxygen fugacity (>ΔFMQ +2) may form magmas with initial Cu contents up to >500 ppm, favorable for porphyry mineralization. Pre-enrichment of Cu through sulfide saturation and accumulation is not necessarily beneficial to porphyry Cu mineralization. In contrast, re-melting of porphyritic hydrothermal sulfide associated with iron oxides may have major contributions to porphyry deposits. Thick overriding continental crust reduces the “leakage” of hydrothermal fluids, thereby promoting porphyry mineralization. Nevertheless, it is also more difficult for ore forming fluids to penetrate the thick continental crust to reach the depths of 2–4 km where porphyry deposits form.     

A study on the allocation of productive factors of Chinese agriculture

Background of Study on Allocation of Agricultural Productive Factors in ChinaAgricultal productiVe factors include land, labor, fendirer, approved variety, fann machinery, waterconservanCy facilihes, etc. The allocation of aghcultural productiVe factors is defined as the combinationof agricultural productiVe factors corresponding to regional natural condihons and economic situationIt is a requirement of Chinese agricultural prachce to StUdy the allocation of agricultUlal produchvefactors…     

THERMAL EFFECTS OF BUILDING′S EXTERNAL SURFACES IN CITY——Characteristics of Heat Flux into and out of External Wall Surfaces

1INTRODUCTIONWiththerecentmodernizationandurbanizationofChi-na,urbanareashavegreatlyincreased, andgiantbuild-ings,especiallythosetallerthan100m,havebeendomi-nantincities,whichhave resultedinthegreatincreaseintheproportionofbuilding'sexternalsurfacetototalurbanarea.Thedifferencesofthermalpropertiesmain-lyinducedbysolarradiationbetweenbuilding'sexter-nalsurfacesareobviousfordifferentexposures,whichcaninevitablyinfluencethedistributionsofairtempera-turenearby,eventheverticaldistributionsofurb…     

Eco-environment range in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers

Based on geographical and hydrological extents delimited, four principles are identified, as the bases for delineating the ranges of the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers in the paper. According to the comprehensive analysis of topographical characteristics, climate conditions, vegetation distribution and hydrological features, the source region ranges for eco-environmental study are defined. The eastern boundary point is Dari hydrological station in the upper reach of the Yellow River. The watershed above Dari hydrological station is the source region of the Yellow River which drains an area of 4.49×104 km2. Natural environment is characterized by the major topographical types of plateau lakes and marshland, gentle landforms, alpine cold semi-arid climate, and steppe and meadow vegetation in the source region of the Yellow River. The eastern boundary point is the convergent site of the Nieqiaqu and the Tongtian River in the upstream of the Yangtze River. The watershed above the convergent site is the source region of the Yangtze River, with a watershed area of 12.24×104 km2. Hills and alpine plain topography, gentle terrain, alpine cold arid and semi-arid climate, and alpine cold grassland and meadow are natural conditions in the source region of the Yangtze River.     

西北五省(区)生态环境综合分区及其建设对策

本文以图像遥感解译为主 ,结合野外实际考察 ,并通过抽样验证完成。在对生态环境界定和赋予内涵的基础上 ,根据区划目的、原则和所选取的指标体系 ,从生态环境分类入手 ,经过从上向下续分和由下向上合并的反复磨合过程、专家集成模拟 ,对西北五省(区 )生态环境做了全面的综合分区研究 ,并针对所存在的生态环境问题 ,提出生态环境保护和建设的对策 ,为西北五省 (区 )实施西部大开发生态环境监测、治理、建设和规划提供科学依据。