Diagnostic experiments for transport mechanisms of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River in the Bohai Sea

Five diagnostic experiments with a 3D baroclinic hydrodynamic and sediment transport model ECOMSED in couple with the third generation wave model SWAN and the Grant–Madsen bottom boundary layer model driven by the monthly sediment load of the Yellow River, were conducted to separately diagnose effects of different hydrodynamic factors on transport of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River in the Bohai Sea. Both transport and spatio-temporal distribution of suspended sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea were numerially simulated. It could be concluded that suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River cannot be delivered in long distance under the condition of tidal current. Almost all of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited outside the delta under the condition of wind-driven current, and only very small of them are transported faraway. On the basis of wind forcing, sediments from the Yellow River are mainly transported north-northwestward, and others which are first delivered to the Laizhou Bay are continuously moved northward. An obvious 3D structure characteristic of sediment transport is produced in the wind-driven and tide-induced residual circulation condition. Transport patterns at all layers are generally consistent with circulation structure, but there is apparent deviation between the depth-averaged sediment flux and the circulation structure. The phase of temporal variation of sediment concentration is consistent with that of the bottom shear stress, both of which are proved to have a ten-day cycle in wave and current condition.     

罗安达砂物理力学性质初探

在罗安达及其周边,浅部广泛分布有红色和黄色两种色调的粉砂层。结合实际工程,采用现场调查、室内试验、现场标贯试验和载荷试验等手段对该种砂土进行了分析,结果表明,罗安达砂层在自然状态下可直立,具湿陷性和浸水后力学性质明显变差等独特物理力学特性;湿陷性随孔隙比增大,含水率减小,试验压力增大,黏粒和粉粒含量增大而增强,重塑砂土也具有湿陷性;力学性质随含水率的变化可逆,当含水量增加后再减小,其力学性质可明显恢复。     

库姆塔格沙漠的形成时代与演化

库姆塔格沙漠腹地广泛出露含古风成砂的第四纪地层剖面。根据含古风成砂地层剖面的野外调查与地层年代的室内分析结果,并与已有的周边区域地质资料对比分析,库姆塔格沙漠形成至少始于早更新世初,到中更新世晚期285.9±42.9 ka BP沙漠已大面积扩展形成,奠定了现代沙漠环境格局。沙漠最初从西南部开始形成,之后向北和东北扩展。依据梭梭沟地层剖面,沙漠在第四纪演化过程中至少经历了19个沙漠正、逆过程旋回,平均周期约为110 ka。新构造运动对沙漠的形成演化和地貌的形成发育具有重要作用,构造了山间断陷盆地并使其逐渐向封闭的干旱盆地演化形成沙漠,受四周断裂控制沙漠整体形态呈"扫帚状"。分布在沙漠北部的独特砾石体地貌形成于晚更新世末(285.9±42.9)ka BP之后。     

动载下饱和重塑黄土的骨干曲线变化研究

针对饱和重塑黄土进行了一系列等向固结和偏压固结下的排水与不排水动三轴试验,分析了饱和重塑黄土的动力性质、骨干曲线模型及其影响因素。基于动三轴试验结果,探讨了在考虑累积塑性应变影响下,修正Hardin-Drnevich模型的适用性。结果表明,考虑累积塑性应变时,修正Hardin-Drnevich模型能够较好地模拟饱和重塑黄土的骨干曲线试验结果。进而分析了等向固结和偏压固结、固结围压、波形和排水条件等因素对饱和重塑黄土骨干曲线的影响,得到偏压固结和固结围压的增大使骨干曲线上移,土体强度增加,而波形对骨干曲线的影响较小;排水条件下的骨干曲线较不排水条件下的有所上移,土体强度增加。所得结论可供工程设计人员参考。     

基于MPI的一维大地电磁并行计算研究

在大地电磁中运用并行处理技术来减少计算时间,提高运算效率.结合一维广义逆矩阵法反演的计算特点,详细分析了串行程序并行化方法,主要采用主从并行模式、分频并行计算的并行方案.在Linux系统上使用Fortran和MPICH2相结合的开发工具编写了并行程序,通过理论模型和实测数据对实现的并行程序进行试算,并与串行程序对比验证了该算法的可行性、正确性,为二维、三维的正反演并行计算提供了研究基础.     

RELIABILITY BASED ANALYSIS ON RESERVOIR INDUCED EARTHQUAKES

Reservoir induced earthquakes (RIE) are caused by impoundment of reservoir,with the characteristics of small magnitude and shallow focal depth,but they can also lead to not only economic loss,but also many serious secondary disasters,such as dam destruction,landslide,producing greater damages far more than the damages directly produced by earthquakes.So study on RIE is quite significant in the field of dam construction,thus more attentions should be paid to RIE.There are many factors to induce reservoir earthquakes,such as geological condition,rock mass mechanical index,state of crustal stress,pore pressure distribution,all of which are extremely difficult to measure due to the presence of many randomness;even if applying most advanced methods to measure them,the values fluctuate in great range,without a certain value in time and space.The great variety of these parameters gives rise to troubles to analyze RIE by deterministic approaches.How to handle the randomness of these factors has become vital problem in the field of RIE research.In this study,based on probability theory,and taking the main influence factors as stochastic variables,a new method to analyze probability of RIE was proposed by applying reliability theory.Firstly,the factors inducing reservoir earthquakes were analyzed,of which pore pressure in fault caused by water impounding of reservoir plays a vital role in triggering earthquakes.Then,taking these factors,including attitude,friction coefficient,cohesion of fault plane,stress state of fault plane and pore pressure in fault,as stochastic variables,performance function of triggering earthquakes was established by applying Coulomb stress on the fault plane,and reliability theory was used to analyze probability of earthquake induced by main factors.A special case analysis showed that:(1) The probability of induced earthquakes dramatically increases as pore pressure in fault increases;under the condition of equal pore pressure at triggering earthquakes area,probability of induced earthquakes obviously rises with enlarging of variation of pore pressure;(2) those faults with strike approximately parallel to horizontal maximum principal stress direction or with steep dip angle about more than 60° are prone to inducing earthquake;(3) as horizontal minimum principal stress increases,which has greater effect on induced earthquakes than horizontal maximum principal stress,probability of induced earthquakes becomes lower and fault keeps in more stable condition;(4) probability of induced earthquakes gradually decreases with the increase of friction coefficient and cohesion of fault plane;However,the effect of friction coefficient on induced earthquakes is much greater than the cohesion of fault plane.     

非轴对称位移边界下球孔扩张挤土位移弹性解答

以现有半无限土体中球孔扩张挤土位移的解答为基础,分别对水平地表和非轴对称斜边两个位移边界进行应力修正,运用坐标转换法和叠加法的原理,改进现有的分析方法,得到较为简化的非轴对称位移边界下扩孔问题的解答,并对非轴对称斜边倾角以及球孔离斜边距离等因素对挤土位移的影响进行了分析。结果表明：倾斜边界条件的存在对球孔两侧的挤土位移有明显影响,且随着非轴对称边界倾角的增大,靠近倾斜边界侧的挤土位移也随之增大;球孔距自由边界的距离越大,自由边界对挤土位移的影响也越小。该解答对非轴对称边界条件下的静压沉桩以及相关扩孔问题的设计和施工具有一定的指导意义和实用价值。     

有孔管桩单桩承载性状试验及分析

有孔管桩能够有效地加速超静孔隙水压力时空消散,减轻沉桩效应对周围环境的不利影响,但桩身开孔引起的应力集中现象会削弱桩体承载力。为探讨桩身开孔对管桩承载性状的影响,采用室内模型试验方法,在软土地基中开展无孔管桩和3种不同布孔方式的有孔管桩单桩静载荷试验,对竖向荷载下引起桩顶沉降及桩身不同位置的应变进行了监测和分析,获得了各种管桩的Q-s曲线、桩身轴力及桩侧摩阻力的分布规律。对比分析可知,星状开孔有孔管桩的桩身轴力削弱情况最小,双向对穿有孔管桩的桩侧摩阻力最大。     

近100 a来浙江大陆海岸线时空变化特征

收集7个时期的历史图件或卫星遥感影像,运用RS和GIS技术,进行信息提取和实测岸线数据验证,获取各时期浙江大陆海岸线矢量,统计分析结果显示:(1)浙江大陆海岸线总体上表现为海岸线位置外推加快,平直的人工岸线不断取代曲折的自然岸线,部分近岸岛屿并入大陆,海岸线长度明显缩短,百年来人工岸线所占比例由48.01%上升至67.46%。(2)人工岸线和围垦面积变化规律总体呈现出3个明显阶段:1913—1970年自耕农时代高滩围垦阶段,人工岸线长度增加288.78 km,围垦面积仅增593.35 km²;1970—1995年集体农业时代联围堵港阶段,围垦面积快速增加,人工岸线长度反而减少;1995—2014年工业与城镇化建设围垦阶段,人工岸线长度增加116.66 km,而围垦面积剧增1 053.00 km²。(3)河口区大陆海岸线全线平移外推,海岸线长度则有增有减,1913年以来浙江主要河口区围填海面积达1 914.85 km²,占全省围填海面积的76.79%。(4)海湾区大陆海岸线变化以截弯取直为特点,岸线总长度持续减少,百年来三大港湾围填海面积达429.32 km²,占全省的17.22%。     

基于地理探测器的大熊猫生境适宜度评价模型及验证

动物生境适宜度评价对于野生动物生境保护十分重要。基于物种活动点来建模的生态位模型是目前应用最广泛的动物生境评价方法,但该方法不能直接表达生境适宜度与环境因子间具有生态学意义的数量关系。本文以雅安地区为例,提出一种新的大熊猫（Ailuropoda melanoleuca）生境适宜度评价方法,选取海拔、坡度、坡向、地形指数、距水源距离、植被类型、主食竹及距公路距离8个环境因子,引入地理探测器,在分别基于MAXENT模型和层次分析法（The Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP）所构建生境适宜度模型的基础上,通过4个地理探测器（风险探测器、因子探测器、生态探测器和交互作用探测器）探寻大熊猫生境与各环境因子间的关系以及环境因子对大熊猫生境的影响机理,并将其预测结果与单一MAXENT模型和AHP法进行对比。结果表明：（1）AHP、AHP-Geogdetector、MAXENT和MAXENT-Geogdetector模型总体评价精度分别为85.6%、86.5%、91.3%和94.2%,kappa系数分别为0.699、0.718、0.821和0.882,AUC值分别为0.902、0.928、0.949和0.966,模型所预测的适宜和较适宜区与实际分布区重叠比分别为63.66%、61.30%、76.70%和90.10%,说明AHP-Geogdetector和MAXENT-Geogdetector模型精度均比相应的单一模型有所提高,且MAXENT-Geogdetector模型精度最高;（2）基于地理探测器的大熊猫生境适宜度评价模型能以“生境适宜度和环境因子间具有生态学意义的数量关系”的形式直接体现环境因子对动物生境利用的生态学作用,具有较好的生态学可解释性。因此,用地理探测器进行大熊猫生境适宜度评价具有较好的可行性。