Sediment oxygen profiles in a super-oxygenated antarctic lake

Perennially ice-covered lakes are found in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. In contrast to temperate lakes that have diurnal photic periods, antarctic (and arctic) lakes have a yearly photic period. An unusual feature of the antarctic lakes is the occurrence of O2 at supersaturated levels in certain portions of the water column. Here we report the first sediment O2 profiles obtained using a microelectrode from a perennially ice-covered antarctic lake. Sediment cores collected in January and October 1987 from Lake Hoare in Taylor Valley show oxygenation down to 15, and in some cases, 25 cm. The oxygenation of sediments several centimeters below the sediment-water interface is atypical for lake sediments and may be characteristic of perennially ice-covered lakes. There is a significant difference between the observed January and October sediment O2 profiles. Several explanations may account for the difference, including seasonality. A time-dependent model is presented which tests the feasibility of a seasonal cycle resulting from the long photoperiod and benthic primary production in sediments overlain by a highly oxygenated water column.     

利用接收函数研究郯庐断裂带鲁苏皖段及邻区地壳结构特征

利用郯庐断裂带鲁苏皖段及邻区的261个宽频带地震台站5年记录的763个远震波形数据,计算并筛选得到了10846条远震P波接收函数.采用P波接收函数H-κ法得到了该区的地壳厚度和壳内平均泊松比值,并采用共转换点叠加法进一步揭示台站下方Moho界面的起伏形态.研究发现：⑴研究区Moho界面埋深在27~40 km范围内变化,平均深度在~34 km,总体上以郯庐断裂带为界呈现出东薄西厚的特征.地壳厚度在不同块体之间或者是块体内部存在着明显差异,表明不同的地质构造单元经历了不同的构造演化过程.⑵研究区地壳泊松比在0.15~0.32之间变化,平均泊松比为0.24,略低于全球陆壳和中国陆壳平均泊松比值;然而,较大的泊松比浮动范围却意味着研究区内地壳物质具有强烈的横向非均匀性及物质组成的复杂性.沿郯庐断裂带展布着一条NNE-SSW方向的泊松比高值异常带,推测是镁铁质基性岩沿郯庐断裂带上涌至地壳所致,亦或是高温高压的幔源热物质底侵至下地壳所致.⑶研究区的地壳厚度和壳内平均泊松比存在着反相关的关系;地壳厚度和地表地貌特征呈镜向关系,即造山隆起区Moho界面埋藏较深,而平原盆地区Moho界面埋藏较浅.Moho埋深等值线分布图和研究区布格重力异常特征对应良好.⑷共转换点（Common Conversion Point,CCP）叠加法对Moho界面的刻画与H-κ叠加法求得的地壳厚度结果具有较好的一致性.CCP剖面表明郯庐断裂带不仅是扬子断块区和华北块体的分界断裂,更是一条切割Moho面、深抵上地幔的深大超壳断裂带,错距达4~7 km.⑸研究区内部分台站下方存在壳内分界面,仍能通过改变壳内速度后采用H-κ法获得其埋藏深度.

     

Investigations of gram quantities of Atlantic and Pacific surface particulates

Particulates amounting to 0.1–2.0 g efficiently collected from large volumes of Atlantic and Pacific surface waters have been analyzed for carbonate, opal, quartz and several natural and man-made radioisotopes.The concentrations of particles range between 10 and 600 μg/kg. In the equatorial regions particle concentrations are low and similar in both the oceans. At higher latitudes (>30°N or S), the Atlantic waters, however, have higher concentrations of particles compared to those in the Pacific. The latitudinal distribution exhibits a north-south symmetry with higher concentrations in the 30°–60° belt. Based on the particulate abundance for CaCO₃ and opal and their sedimentation, we have estimated their production and in-situ integrated dissolution rates for a few regions.Radioisotopes having different source functions, namely¹⁴C and²³⁹Pu injected due to nuclear weapon tests,²³⁴Th,²³⁰Th and²²⁸Th produced in-situ in seawater,²³²Th which derives primarily from land,²¹⁰Pb introduced via wet precipitations and²²⁶Ra introduced through diffusion from deep-sea sediments have been measured in the particulates. The relative enrichment factors for these nuclides in particles vary as Th ? Pu > Pb > Ra. The atmospheric bomb fallout pattern is discernible in the surface particulates; the²³⁹Pu concentration increases with latitude in both the hemispheres; however, the values are about a factor of two lower in the southern hemisphere.The distribution pattern of radioisotopes is found to be complex, even for²³⁴Th whose source function in the oceans is uniform. In view of the differences in the source functions it becomes possible to delineate the principal geochemical/geophysical processes which determine the concentrations of these nuclides in surface waters.     

土地开发整理补充的耕地质量等级评定研究——以安徽省广德县为例

土地开发整理项目中耕地质量等级设计需要充分结合项目区自然条件和相关经济技术条件,才能保证项目建设的科学性、合理性．为此结合农用地分等技术和农用地分等定级折算相关成果,在省级土地开发整理示范项目中进行了尝试性评定研究．在综合分析相关经济技术水平、项目补充耕地质量现状及限制因素的基础上,采用农用地分等定级的多因素综合分析法,对耕地质量等级的规划设计进行评定,并提出相应的工程措施．本研究将农用地分等定级技术和成果应用到土地开发整理补充的耕地质量等级设计中,一定意义上丰富和完善了土地整理补充的耕地质量等级的评定方法．     

秦岭造山带西段八方山-二里河Pb-Zn矿区硅质岩的微组构分析及其意义

硅质岩是造山带内广泛发育的一类岩石, 该岩石的组成以SiO₂为主, 具有较高的稳定性.对于经历过造山作用、成矿作用和重结晶作用等影响的硅质岩, 其宏观组构和微观组构特征可以很好地反映它所遭受到的改造.秦岭造山带西段八方山-二里河Pb-Zn矿的宏观及微观组构特征分析表明: 该区硅质岩具有明显的热水沉积特征.由于受到压扭性和张性两种性质的应力作用, 矿区在宏观上形成了东西向压扭性断裂和北北东、北北西两组张性断裂, 微观上形成了微裂隙、微褶皱和压扁拉长的石英颗粒.矿区岩石发生了明显的变质作用, 除应力作用造成的动力变质作用外, 还发生了其他类型的变质作用和重结晶作用.硅质岩中微量碳酸岩矿物的存在以及应力作用对矿床的形成具有非常重要的意义, 特别是其可以为金属硫化物热液提供运移的通道和沉淀成矿的空间.      

压实黄土非饱和渗透系数试验研究

压实黄土非饱和渗透特性具有重要的工程意义。对不同干密度的压实黄土试样,采用非饱和导水率测定系统进行非饱和渗透系数量测,得到不同干密度压实黄土的渗透系数与吸力的关系。试验结果表明：渗透系数随吸力的增大而成非线性减小,随干密度的减小而增大;在低吸力时,干密度对渗透系数的影响较大;在较高吸力时,干密度对渗透系数的影响较小。进一步给出了压实黄土的渗透系数模型并进行回归分析,得到各Wind幂函数模型参数与干密度的关系,建立了基于干密度的压实黄土渗透系数的确定方法。     

结构总体最小二乘估计理论的拓展及其应用研究EI北大核心CSCD

具有随机系数矩阵的高斯-马尔可夫(GM)模型被称为变量误差(EIV)模型,在均方误差意义下,总体最小二乘(TLS)估计得到的EIV模型参数估值优于最小二乘(TLS)估计,这种状况已引起测绘领域的极大关注,并成为多年来的热点问题之一。     

A Model for the polar motion of the deformable Earth adequate for astrometric data

Refined analytical expressions for the frequencies corresponding to the Chandler motion of the pole and the diurnal rotation of the deformable Earth are derived. Numerical estimates of the period and amplitude of the polar oscillations are presented. The trajectory of the Chandler polar motion derived via numerical modeling is in qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental data from the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS). An evolutionary model describing slow variations in the Earth’s rotation parameters under the action of the dissipative moments of the tidal gravitational forces on time scales considerably longer than the precession period of the Earth’s axis is constructed. The axis of the Earth’s figure tends to approach the angular momentum vector of the proper rotation.     

Crustal Evolution in the SW Part of the Baltic Shield: the Hf Isotope Evidence

The results of a laser ablation microprobe–inductivelycoupled plasma mass spectrometry Lu–Hf isotope study ofzircons in 0·93–1·67 Ga rocks from southNorway indicate that early Proterozoic protoliths of the BalticShield have present-day ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf     

Paleoliquefaction study of the Clarendon–Linden fault system, western New York State

The lack of earthquake-induced liquefaction features in Late Wisconsin and Holocene sediments in Genesee, Wyoming, and Allegany Counties suggests that the Clarendon–Linden fault system (CLF) did not generate large, moment magnitude, M≥6 earthquakes during the past 12,000 years. Given that it was the likely source of the 1929 M 4.9 Attica earthquake, however, the Clarenden–Linden fault system probably is capable of producing future M5 events. During this study, we reviewed newspaper accounts of the 1929 Attica earthquake, searched for earthquake-induced liquefaction features in sand and gravel pits and along tens of kilometers of river cutbanks, evaluated numerous soft-sediment deformation structures, compiled geotechnical data and performed liquefaction potential analysis of saturated sandy sediments. We found that the 1929 M 4.9 Attica earthquake probably did not induce liquefaction in its epicentral area and may have been generated by the western branch of the Clarendon–Linden fault system. Most soft-sediment deformation structures found during reconnaissance did not resemble earthquake-induced liquefaction features, and even the few that did could be attributed to non-seismic processes. Our analysis suggests that the magnitude threshold for liquefaction is between M 5.2 and 6, that a large (M≥6) earthquake would liquefy sediments at many sites in the area, and that a moderate earthquake (M 5–5.9) would liquefy sediments at some sites but perhaps not at enough sites to have been found during reconnaissance. We conclude that the Clarendon–Linden fault system could have produced small and moderate earthquakes, but probably not large events, during the Late Wisconsin and Holocene.