统一的地震定标律

发生在加利福尼亚的地震之间的等待时间分布遵从简单的统一定标律。这一定标律的有效范围从数十秒到数十年。短期丛集，也就是通常所说的余震，只是地震一般层级性质的短期限定。没有唯一的区分主震和余震的操作方法。在该统一定标律中，古登堡一里克特b值、余震大森定律的指数-1和地震的分维数df表现为关键指数。     

山西临汾染化集团站台失火原因分析

静电处处存在，在日常生活中人们认为一般并无大害，所以往往忽略它。其实在一些特殊环境下，静电造成的危害却相当严重，会对人民生命财产造成巨大的威胁和损失。其导致的灾害主要产生在化工、石油、粉尘加工、炸药等易燃易爆物品的运输、装制、搅拌、喷射等生产过程中和很多电子设备的集成电路。山西临汾染化集团铁路站台火灾事故就是一例。２００１年６月１８日１０时４０分，山西临汾染化（集团）有限责任公司铁路专用站台，当氯苯储罐（１００m３）向汽车空罐（７m３）内装灌时，在开装大约１０s时发生火灾，虽抢救及时，仍造成停运３d…     

Scaling the Microphysics Equations and Analyzing the Variability of Hydrometeor Production Rates in a Controlled Parameter Space

A set of microphysics equations is scaled based on the convective length and velocity scales.Comparisons are made among the dynamical transport and various microphysical processes.From the scaling analysis,it becomes apparent which parameterized microphysical processes present off-scaled influences in the integration of the set of microphysics equations. The variabilities of the parameterized microphysical processes are also studied using the approach of a controlled parameter space.Given macroscopic dynamic and thermodynamic conditions in different regions of convective storms,it is possible to analyze and compare vertical profiles of these processes.Bulk diabatic heating profiles for a cumulus convective updraft and downdraft are also derived from this analysis. From the two different angles,the scale analysis and the controlled-parameter space approach can both provide an insight into and an understanding of microphysics parameterizations.     

建筑物对城市通风自净能力影响的数值试验

应用城市气候数值模式，分别计算了三栋6层住宅楼和一栋20层住宅楼两类建筑形式影响下的风场，以及在此风场中街道汽车尾气的浓度分布。计算结果表明在总建筑面积基本相同的情况下，高层建筑周围环境的通风自净能力要优于多层建筑。     

分布式水文-土壤-植被模式的改进及气候水文Off-line模拟试验

文中对引进的高分辨率 (94 2 .5m× 94 2 .5m)分布式水文 土壤 植被模式 (DHSVM) ,针对海、滦河流域的特点进行了改进 ,主要包括 :(1)改变蒸散发模拟方法 ,用改进的Penman Monteith模式模拟海滦河流域的蒸发 ,较好地模拟出 1a内的两个峰值 ,最大值出现在 4～ 6月 ,次大值出现在 7～ 8月 ;(2 )改变水文模式结构 ,用多站点气候观测资料内插到模式网格点 ,充分实现了分布式水文模拟 ;(3)发展新的水文、植被、土壤参数化方案 ,对 33个参数分区计算和确定 ,并重点对土壤孔隙度 φ、土壤蓄水能力θfc、叶面指数LAI、随机阻抗γs 等 11个参数进行调试和修订 ,提高了水文模拟精度。用改进的DHSVM模式分别对滦河、桑干河流域蒸散发、地下水位、土壤湿度、土壤水下渗、产流、汇流与径流等水文过程进行Off line模拟试验 ,模拟结果与实测值一致性较好 ,滦河流域 1979～ 1991年、桑干河流域 1979～ 1987年水文模拟效率系数分别为 0 .89和 0 .82 ,均高于国内其他相关研究     

夏季自然水体与大气界面间气态总汞的交换通量

利用动力学通量箱法与高时间分辨率大气测汞仪的联用技术, 在瑞典西南的Kristineberg海洋观测站(KMRS)和Knobesholm的Hovgårdsån河分别测定了夏季海水和河水表面与大气间汞的交换通量. 在夏季, 河水和海水都是大气汞的源. 河水和海水表面与大气间汞的交换通量在夏季具有一致的昼夜变化规律, 白天由水体向大气排汞且在正午达到最大值; 夜间排汞量相对较小且有时会出现大气汞向水体沉降. 河水与大气间汞的交换通量与光照强度呈线性正相关关系, 与大气相对湿度呈线性负相关性, 同时还与水体温度存在指数相关性. 海水与大气间汞交换通量只与光照强度存在良好的线性正相关关系. 水体中溶解态气汞的过饱和是水体汞向大气释放的驱动力.     

黄河上游阿尼玛卿山区冰川波动与气候变化

以黄河上游阿尼玛卿山的冰川为研究对象, 通过应用航空相片、卫星遥感影像、地形图和数字高程模型(DEM), 分析了末次冰盛期、小冰期、自1966年及2000年的冰川范围及变化情况. 结果表明, 末次冰盛期的冰川范围是现代冰川的3.1倍; 小冰期以来, 冰川已经开始退缩, 尤其在1966-2000年期间退缩有加速趋势. 介绍了一种提取冰川雪线高度的方法, 并根据现代气候数据, 探讨了研究时段雪线高度上的夏季平均气温变化趋势. 结果表明, 末次冰盛期时, 雪线下降了420 m左右, 相应的夏季平均气温比现代低1.9 ℃, 小冰期盛时夏季平均气温比现代低0.6 ℃.     

Effects of the Indo-China Peninsula Heat Fluxes on the 1998 South China Sea Summer Monsoon

1. IntroductionBecause the South China Sea (SCS) is one of theregions where the Asian summer monsoon onset oc-curs earliest, the SCS summer monsoon (SCSSM) hasalways been a research focus, especially in recent yearswith the implementation of the SCS Monsoon Exper-iment (SCSMEX) (e.g., Tao and Chen, 1987; Changand Chen, 1995; Lau et al., 2000; Ding and Li, 1999;Ding and Liu, 2001; Li and Wu, 2000; Xie et al., 1998;Zhang et al., 2004). Climatologically, the SCSSM on-set is a rem…     

A Possible Long-tailed Bird with a Pygostyle from the Late Mesozoic Yixian Formation, Western Liaoning, China

AbstractAn incomplete caudal vertebral series (IVPP Vl1309) from the Yixian Formation of late MesozoicJianshangou area of Beipiao, western Liaoning Province, may represent a new bird. The tail is composed of at least 12 free caudal vertebrae and the most distal 5 caudal vertebrae co-ossified into a pygostyle. The pygostyle is plate-like and slightly curved dorsally. The anterior free caudals are amphiplatyan. The anterior caudal surfaces of the last three free caudals are concave, but their posterior articular surfaces are convex. The pygostyle is regarded as the first appeared flight apparatus during the evolutionary process from Archaeopteryx to neornithes. The pygostyle appeared in most early fossil birds and almost all the modem birds. Although their morphologies are different, they are basically formed by at least four last caudal vertebrae. The specimen V11309 is regarded as a bird rather than a non-avian theropod dinosaur based on the following characters: short caudal vertebrae, numerous pits present on the surfaces of the centra and, a foramen present between the basal part of the fused neural spines, which is similar to that of Struthio camelus. The discoveries of pygostyles from the therizinosauroids and oviraptorosaurs may provide strong evidence for supporting the origin of birds from small theropod dinosaurs. The structure of the pygostyle in specimen Vl1309 is different from those of Beipiaosaurus (Therizinosauroid) and Nomingia (oviraptorosaur). The most parsimonious interpretation is that these pygostyle-like structures are independently acquired by Beipiaosaurus and Nomingia during their evolutionary process.