Large Scale Perturbations in Extratropical Atmosphere-Part Ⅰ: On Rossby Waves

This study reexamines the propagation mechanism and geostrophic property of the classical two-dimensional Rossby waves in a non-divergent barotropic atmosphere. It will be found that propagation of large scale atmospheric waves depends crucially on horizontal divergence. A small Rossby number in Rossby waves is not sufficient for the waves to have a small ageostrophic component, because the two-dimensional classical Rossby waves do not manifest the geostrophic balance as good as observed in the atmosphere.     

加拿大西北地区Norman Wells油田碳酸盐岩裂缝型储层的三维模型

Norman Wells油田位于加拿大西北地区，距离北极圈60km，其产油层为泥盆系的碳酸盐岩岩岸复合体。该岩岸复合体在岩岸内的最大厚度可达130m，向盆地方向由于岩岸边界的退覆和沉积层的尖灭其厚度逐渐减薄。Norman Wells油田是一个以油为主的油田，其原始石油地质储量约为108百万方（680百万桶）。储层的基质渗透率很低（平均为2-4毫达西），但裂缝很发育。以前对Norman Wells油田所做的三维地质建模并没有尝试结合裂缝的渗透率，结果是在静态和动态储层模型与油田开发的历史数据之间产生了误差。最近，针对全油田范围的渗透率建立了一个量化基质和裂缝性能的共同影响的三维模型。基质和裂缝性能被分开进行了模拟，然后合成了一个完整的渗透率模型。基质的性能受沉积相和层序地层格架的控制。使用岩芯和测井数据，结合沉积相和地层信息可以建立三维的孔隙度和渗透率模型。裂缝渗透率则是分两步来建立的，第一步，注水数据和生产数据被用来分离并模拟储层中裂缝所产生的渗透率（裂缝所提高的渗透率）；第二，从岩芯、成像测井和露头等数据中测得的裂缝的几何属性（方向、规模、密度）被用来量化裂缝的几何参数以及由裂缝所导致的渗透率的各向异性（定向渗透率）。构造、地层和沉积相等信息也被用在了三维模型格架中，这些信息可以指导对井控范围以外的裂缝渗透率所进行的预测。模拟结果显示，裂缝不同程度地提高了基质的渗透率，而且，如果没有裂缝的增渗作用，Norman Wells油田的绝大部分油层都将是非经济的油层。在油田的大部分地区中，裂缝网络均有效地提高了基质的渗透率，而且并没有明显地影响地层的一致性。不过，也有一些地区的储层中裂缝十分发育，并导致了注入水的突破，降低了储层的一致性。裂缝性能的变化具有一定的规律，主要与构造位置和碳酸盐岩岩岸的地层力学特征有关。在岩岸的边缘和较陡的上倾（东北方向）构造斜坡上的储层中，裂缝的作用是最强的。应用这一新的模型，未需对流体模型的渗透率做多少修改，我们就迅速地获得了对生产动态史的拟合。将动态数据用于三维地质模型有两个的优点：1）可以降低对调整流体模型渗透率的需求，并产生一致性更强的动静态模型；2）用地质信息来指导剩余渗透率的分布，避免了对渗透率参数的针对性调整。这种新的动静态模型正被用于储层和产能预测、时机判断和油田管理等方面。     

Influence of Turbulence Intensity and Turbulence Length Scale on the Drag, Lift and Heat Transfer of A Circular Cylinder

Influence of the turbulence intensity and turbulence length scale on the hydrodynamic characteristics and heat transfer of a circular cylinder, streamlined by a viscous fluid flow, is numerically studied. We take the Reynolds number of the oncoming flow equal to 4×10⁴, the turbulence intensity Tu_f and the dimensionless turbulence length scale L_f varying from 1.0% to 40% and from 0.25 to 4.0, respectively. We confirmed that the increase of Tu_f leads to the suppression of the periodic vortex shedding from the cylinder surface, and as a result the stationary mode of streamlining is formed. Consequently, with the increasing turbulence intensity directly in front of the cylinder Tu^*, the amplitude of the lift coefficient decreases monotonically. Nevertheless, the time-averaged drag coefficient of the streamlined cylinder decreases at Tu^*<6.0%, and increases at Tu^*>9.0%. The dependence of the average Nusselt number on Tu^* is near-linear, and with the increasing turbulence intensity, the Nusselt number rises. However, the change of the average Nusselt number depending on L_f is non-monotonic and at L_f=1.0, the value reaches its maximum.     

罗霄山脉山地沼泽全新世以来的古气候记录

在中亚热带罗霄山脉东南段井冈山地区的江西坳山地沼泽钻取了150 cm的岩芯样品（JXA钻孔）,通过6个AMS 14C测年结果建立钻孔的年代框架,运用烧失量、腐殖化度、有机碳同位素和灰度值等多项古气候代用指标分析,重建了该地区约11 cal. ka B.P.以来的气候演化历史。结果表明：江西坳山地沼泽的古环境演变过程可以分为４个阶段：11―9.2 cal. ka B.P.钻孔沉积物的有机碳含量低,碳同位素偏负,显示C3植物为主,为气候凉干期;9.2―5.3 cal. ka B.P.碳同位素、有机碳和腐殖化度等指标均指示森林植被繁茂,沉积物泥炭堆积速度加快,为气候最适宜期;5.3―2.2 cal. ka B.P.碳同位素显著变化,有机质含量较高;2.2―0 cal. ka B.P.气候呈现季风再次增强的趋势,人类活动增强。与周边其他的研究结果对比发现：全新世以来罗霄山脉江西坳山地泥炭沼泽的古环境替代指标与低纬度地区其他全新世气候记录基本一致。     

Forecast of blind ore body in Zhangcaigou area around Wulaga gold deposit

By the study of metalflogenetic conditions and ore-controUing factors, the metallogenetic indicators in geology, geochemistry and geophysics about Wulaga gold deposit have been obtained. Using the indicators the blind ore bodies have been forecasted in Zhangcaigou area. By drilling check, a gold-bearing ore body with 3 m thickness in an average tenor of 20.4 × 10^-6at the depth of 70 m has been found in the forecast area. It shows that the forecast method should be effective.     

采用热像仪测量玉米冠层半球方向亮温的四种方法比较

为了提高玉米冠层半球方向亮温（DBT）测量的准确性，对一套由工业用起重机平台和热红外成像仪组成的地面观测系统的四种测量方法进行了对比和评价。这些方法基于不同的测量原理：（1）通过移动起重机和平台，从不同的角度去测量一个样区的DBT；（2）固定起重机和平台的位置，通过旋转热像仪，从不同的区域收集不同角度的DBT；（3）对方法2的改进，转动热像仪朝向的同时，吊车沿作物垄行方向运动，得到大区域内平均的DBT；（4）当热像仪沿着垂直于垄行方向的起重机臂运动时，用高成像频率对目标热辐射进行采样。在对这些方法进行比较时，着重考虑了玉米冠层亮温分布的时间和空间变化所产生的影响，对本观测系统的优点和局限性进行了初步探讨。最后，本文从实际应用的角度，提出了一个基于这个系统且优化了的DBT测量方法。     

The effect of the "Prestige" oil spill on the plankton of the N-NW Spanish coast

Chlorophyll, primary production, zooplankton biomass and the species composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton were studied in 2003, after the Prestige shipwreck. The information obtained was compared to previous data series available for the area affected by the spill. A large data series on plankton variables for the N-NW Spanish coast existed, and therefore a realistic evaluation of the effects by comparison with the range of natural variability could be carried out. We emphasized the evaluation of impact during the spring bloom, the first important biological event after the spill. Some minor changes were observed occasionally, but they did not show any clear pattern and were more related to the natural variability of the ecosystem than to effect of the spill. Plankton community structure did not undergo any changes. Only a few species were more abundant during spring 2003 than in previous years. No significant changes were detected in the planktonic community during productive periods, such as the spring bloom and the summer blooms related to intrusions of East North Atlantic Central Waters. The lack of evidence of the effects of the spill on planktonic communities is discussed in terms of the characteristics of the fuel, the high dynamics of the water masses, the biological mechanisms through which the fuel from the surface waters is transferred to the sea floor and, particularly, the influence of the natural variability by means of large and meso-scale hydrographic processes in the area under study. At the present time it is not possible to determine any minor effects the spill may have had on the plankton owing to the great variability of the planktonic cycles and the short-term impact of the oil from the Prestige on the pelagic system.     

Assessing volcanic origins within detrital zircon populations——A case study from the Mesozoic non-volcanic margin of southern Australia

Detrital zircon U/Pb geochronology is a common tool used to resolve stratigraphic questions,inform basin evolution and constrain regional geological histories.In favourable circumstances,detrital zircon populations can contain a concomitant volcanic contribution that provides constraints on the age of deposition.However,for non-volcanic settings,proving isolated detrital zircon grains are from contemporaneous and potentially remote volcanism is challenging.Here we use same grain(U-Th)/He thermochronology coupled with U/Pb geochronology to identify detrital zircon grains of contemporary volcanic origin.(U-Th)/He ages from Cretaceous zircon grains in southern Australia define a single population with a weighted mean age of 104±6.1 Ma.indistinguishable from zircon U/Pb geochronology and palynology(～104.0-107.5 Ma).Detrital zircon trace-element geochemistry is consistent with a continental signature for parent rocks and coupled with detrital grain ages,supports derivation from a2000 km distant early-to mid-Cretaceous Whitsunday Volcanic Province in eastern Australia.Thus,integration of biostratigraphy,single-grain zircon double-dating(geochronology and thermochronology)and grain geochemistry enhances fingerprinting of zircon source region and transport history.A distal volcanic source and rapid continental-scale transport to southern Australia is supported here.     

两种涡鞭毛藻生长特性的研究

运用单种培养的方法研究了分别于１９８７年和１９８９年采自葡萄牙沿海和德国湾的两种赤潮涡鞭毛藻Ａｌｅｘａｎｄｒｉｕｍ ｌｕｓｉｔａｎｉｃｕｍ（Ａ．Ｌ．）和Ｙ－１００在不同光、温、盐条件下的生长特性，结果表明，在较低温度条件下，藻的生长在较低的光照强度时就显示了光饱和现象；在较高温条件下，藻的生长随光照增加而加快，两种藻生长的最适温度随光照强度增加而增加，在低于最适温度条件下生长速率都随温度升高而加快     

数字化3cm天气雷达定量测量降水的结果和讨论

本文讨论了3cm天气雷达在兰州地区定量测量降水及其精度;分析了不同降水类型和衰减等对测量的影响;讨论了地面雨量计订正雷达测量值的方法和效果。