Evolution and Sedimentation Mechanisms of Estuarine Beach in the Nakdong River Estuary,Korea: Natural and Human Impact

Ocean Science Journal - Dadae Beach located in the Nakdong River estuary has been continuously evolving as the result of natural and anthropogenetic activities. Due to the geographic...     

Die Verteilung der Lanthaniden im Tholeyit von Tholey (Saar) und in Palatiniten,Pseudopegmatiten und Apliten des permischen Vulkanismus im Saar-Nahe-Pfalz-Gebiet

Zusammenfassung Ein Teil der im Unterperm (Wende Unterrotliegendes/Oberrotliegendes) gebildeten magmatischen Gesteine des Saar-Nahe-Pfalz-Gebietes wurde auf Lanthaniden untersucht: Gesteins-Gruppe 1: doleritischer Olivinbasalt, Pigeonit-Tholeyit, Tholeyit (Originalvorkommen) aus dem Schaumberg-Sill bei Tholey (Saar), und Plagiaplit. Gesteins-Gruppe 2: Palatinit, Pseudopegmatit, Aplit.Gesteins-Gruppe 1: Der Tholeyit aus dem Schaumberg-Sill zeigt deutlich höhere absolute Lanthanidengehalte (180 und 230 ppm Y, La-Lu) und eine stärkere Anreicherung der leichteren Lanthaniden La-Eu im Vergleich zu den ozeanischen und kontinentalen tholeiitischen Basalten (100 ppm Y, La-Lu). Das ist ein weiterer Hinweis dafür, daß der Tholeyit vom Locus typicus nicht identisch ist mit dem als tholeiitischer Basalt bezeichneten Gesteinstyp. Im Gegensatz zu den absoluten Lanthanidengehalten bestehen aber praktisch keine Unterschiede bei der relativen Lanthanidenverteilung zwischen dem Liegenden und dem Hangenden des Sill. Mit ansteigendem K₂O/Na₂O-Verhältnis wird in der Reihenfolge: doleritischer Olivinbasalt, Pigeonit-Tholeyit, Tholeyit aus dem Schaumberg-Sill und Plagiaplit eine Zunahme der absoluten Lanthanidengehalte und eine fortschreitende Fraktionierung zwischen den leichteren und den schwereren Lanthaniden festgestellt. Eine aus petrographischen Befunden von Jung (1958) vermutete Differentiation zwischen den genannten Gesteinstypen deutet sich somit auch in der Lanthanidenverteilung an.Gesteins-Gruppe 2: Ähnliche Zusammenhänge bestehen zwischen Palatiniten (180 ppm Y, La-Lu, 3 Proben), Pseudopegmatit (290 ppm Y, La-Lu, 1 Probe) und Apliten (270 ppm Y, La-Lu, 3 Proben), jedoch hier ohne klar erkennbare Abgängigkeit von den K₂O/Na₂O-Verhältnissen.

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Distribution of the lanthanide elements in the tholeyite from tholey (saar, W.-Germany) and in palatinite, pseudopegmatite, and aplite of the permian volcanism in the saar-nahe-pfalz area

Several types of magmatic rocks from the Saar-Nahe-Pfalz area (lower Permian) have been analysed for the 14 lanthanide elements and yttrium: rocks of group 1. doleritic olivine basalt, pigeonite tholeyite, tholeyite (type locality) from the Schaumberg sill near Tholey (Saar), and plagiaplite; rocks of group 2. palatinite, pseudopegmatite, aplite.Rocks of group 1. It is important to note the higher absolute Y and La-Lu contents (180 and 230ppm Y, La-Lu) and the relative enrichment of the lighter lanthanides in the tholeyite from the Schaumberg sill as compared with oceanic and continental tholeiitic basalts (100 ppm Y, La-Lu). This is additional evidence against the assumption that the tholeyite from the type locality has genetic relations to the so-called oceanic and continental tholeiitic basalts. The lanthanide elements in the tholeyite increase in concentration from the lower to the upper part of the Schaumberg sill, but there is little change in relative abundances within the sill. Increasing K₂O/Na₂O ratios are accompanied by an increase of the absolute lanthanide concentrations and by a progressive accumulation of the lighter lanthanides in the sequence: doleritic olivine basalt, pigeonite tholeyite, tholeyite from the Schaumberg sill, plagiaplite. The distribution pattern of the lanthanides in these rocks confirms the explanation of the petrographic observation by Jung (1958) as a magmatic differentiation series.Rocks of group 2. Similar relations were observed between palatinites (180 ppm Y, La-Lu, 3 samples), pseudopegmatite (290 ppm Y, La-Lu, 1 sample), and aplites (270 ppm Y, La-Lu, 3 samples), but there was no clear evidence for a correlation of lanthanide distribution with K₂O/Na₂O ratios.

     

Long-term measurements of atmospheric PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> and its chemical composition in rural Korea

Long-term measurements of ambient particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM_2.5) and its chemical compositions were performed at a rural site in Korea from December 2005 to August 2009. The average PM_2.5 concentration was 31 μg m⁻³ for the whole sampling period, and showed a slightly downward annual trend. The major components of PM_2.5 were organic carbon, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, and NH₄⁺, which accounted for 55 % of total PM_2.5 mass on average. For the top 10 % of PM_2.5 samples, anionic constituents and trace elements clearly increased while carbonaceous constituents and NH₄⁺ remained relatively constant. Both Asian dust and fog events clearly increased PM_2.5 concentrations, but affected its chemical composition differently. While trace elements significantly increased during Asian dust events, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and Cl were dramatically enhanced during fog events due to the formation of saturated or supersaturated salt solution. The back-trajectory based model, PSCF (Potential Source Contribution Function) identified the major industrial areas in Eastern China as the possible source areas for the high PM_2.5 concentrations at the sampling site. Using factor analysis, soil, combustion processes, non-metal manufacture, and secondary PM_2.5 sources accounted for 77 % of the total explained variance.     

Wave reflection and transmission by curtainwall–pile breakwaters using circular piles

This paper presents a mathematical model which computes the hydrodynamic characteristics of a curtainwall–pile breakwater (CPB) using circular piles, by modifying the model developed for rectangular piles by Suh et al. [2006. Hydrodynamic characteristics of pile-supported vertical wall breakwaters. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 132(2), 83–96]. To examine the validity of the model, laboratory experiments have been conducted for CPB with various values of draft of curtain wall, spacing between piles, and wave height and period. Comparisons between measurement and prediction show that the mathematical model adequately reproduces most of the important features of the experimental results. The mathematical model based on linear wave theory tends to over-predict the reflection coefficient as the wave height increases. As the draft of the curtain wall increases and the porosity between piles decreases, the reflection and transmission coefficient increases and decreases, respectively, as expected. As the relative water depth increases, however, the effect of porosity disappears because the wave motion is minimal in the lower part of a water column for short waves.     

Remarks on correcting ionospheric distortions in L-band radar interferometry

The L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (InSAR) technique has a lower accuracy due to ionospheric phase distortions. Recently, a multiple-aperture interferometry (MAI)-based ionospheric correction method has been proposed. Using four types of ionosphere-distorted interferograms, the performance of the correction method was evaluated and then analyzed the feasibility of the correction method. The test interferograms contained severe azimuth streaking, low-frequency ionospheric phase distortion and drastic phase change due to the ionosphere. The results showed that (i) the existence and magnitude of ionospheric phase distortions can be recognized from MAI interferograms and (ii) the MAI-based ionospheric correction method efficiently reduced severe azimuth streaking and low-frequency distortion but did not mitigate the drastic phase change perfectly. It is allowed (i) to determine whether a given SAR interferogram has an ionospheric distortion and (ii) to predict whether the ionospheric distortion can be corrected by using the MAI-based ionospheric correction method.     

Subtidal Marine Algal Community and Endangered Species in Dokdo and Ulleungdo,Two Oceanic Islands in the East Sea of Korea

Ocean Science Journal - Dokdo and Ulleungdo islands harbor diverse marine algae and are therefore uniquely well-suited for research on marine algae distribution and ecological changes. However,...     

PIV measurements of hull wake behind a container ship model with varying loading condition

Flow characteristics of the hull wake behind a container ship model were investigated under different loading conditions (design and ballast loadings) by employing the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. Measurements were made at four transverse locations and two longitudinal planes for three Reynolds numbers (Re) (=U₀Lpp/ν, where U₀ is the freestream velocity, Lpp is the length between two perpendiculars of the ship model and ν is the kinematic viscosity) of 5.08×10⁵, 7.60×10⁵, and 1.01×10⁶. It was observed that symmetric, large-scale, longitudinal counter-rotating vortices (with respect to centerline) of nearly the same strength were formed in the near wake. For the ballast-loading condition, the vortices appear at propeller plane below the propeller-boss. The vortex center exhibits a significant upward shift near the propeller-boss as the Reynolds number increase, and as the flow moves downstream. Under the design-loading condition, the vortices first appear at a further downstream location than that for the ballast-loading condition above the propeller-boss. This difference in the flow structure can significantly change the inflow conditions to the propeller blades, such as the streamwise mean velocity profiles and turbulence intensity distributions at the propeller plane. In particular, under the ballast-loading condition, asymmetric inflow may weaken the propulsion and cavitation performance of the marine propeller.     

Stress ratio–fabric relationships of granular soils under axi-symmetric stress and plane-strain loading

This paper investigates the relationship between the stress ratio and the fabric of frictional material under three-dimensional stress. The spatial distribution function of the contact normal was derived to describe the heterogeneous distribution of the micro-structural architecture. Discrete element simulations were conducted using an assembly consisting of 10,000 spherical particles. Sixteen stress probe experiments were simulated under both axi-symmetric stress and plane-strain conditions. The numerical results show that a change in the direction of the stress probe does not significantly affect the evolution of the fabric structure in the vertical plane. Regardless of whether the material is subjected to axi-symmetric stress or plane strain, the degree of fabric anisotropy shows a unique relationship with the stress ratio. The modified stress ratio, as theoretically derived from a micromechanics formulation, is able to separately measure micro-structures in the vertical and horizontal planes. The distribution function proposed in this study generally performs well in estimating the heterogeneous distribution of the contact normal. A higher-order distribution function is required to improve the predictability of the contact normal distribution for increasing stress-ratio paths.     

Improving Cascadia subduction zone residents’ tsunami preparedness: quasi-experimental evaluation of an evacuation brochure

Natural Hazards - This study surveyed 227 residents in three US Pacific Coast communities that are vulnerable to a Cascadia subduction zone tsunami. In the Brochure condition, information was...