裂谷盆地形成的动力学机制及其含油气性

以澳大利亚南部的吉普斯兰盆地和中国东北部的松辽盆地为例，通过对它们所处的地理位置、内部结构构造特征、油气藏类型、油气藏的分布特征、生储盖特征以及形成时代的比较，对纵向拼合式裂谷盆地形成的动力学机制及其含油气性作了探讨。阐明了具有相似结构构造特征和演化历史，同一时期处于相近地理环境中的沉积盆地，应具有相似的含油气远景；而这一切都是由近似的成盆动力学机制，即：地球深部动力所诱发的远源板内应力、地幔底辟等因素所控制的，再一次证明了裂谷类型的沉积盆地在油气勘探中的重要性；指明了在我国东部原裂谷系中开展油气普查勘探工作的必要性     

西藏乌鲁穷含铜磁铁矿床的发现及地质特征

继尼雄、弗野、材玛等铁矿床的发现之后,新一轮1：5万区域地质调查又在班公湖-怒江成矿带西段乌鲁穷地区发现了较大规模的含铜磁铁矿矿床。野外路线调查、剖面实测和大比例尺填图表明,乌鲁穷磁铁矿形成于南羌塘南缘中-晚侏罗世中酸性岩体与上三叠统日干配错群二组（T₃R²）碳酸盐岩外接触带中,矿体受后期近南北向高角度正断层改造,成矿作用表现出多期次、多阶段特征。通过对矿体邻近的石英闪长岩、二长花岗岩和控矿断层中同构造碳酸盐脉进行锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测年,获得石英闪长岩、二长花岗岩成岩年龄分别为：（161.3±0.72）Ma、（157.5±1.7）Ma,并获得同构造碳酸盐脉热液锆石年龄为（84.2±1.1）Ma。结合前人研究和1：5万地质调查成果,认为乌鲁穷含铜磁铁矿在中-晚侏罗世（157.5~161.3 Ma）班公湖-怒江洋北向俯冲过程中初步富集成矿,形成矽卡岩型含铜磁铁矿矿床,矿体在晚白垩世（84.2 Ma）陆内伸展过程中再次富集;提出班公湖地区在晚白垩世中期存在一期横跨缝合带的陆内伸展成矿事件,成矿作用与班公湖-怒江洋闭合后地幔软流圈底辟及其相关的地壳线性热隆伸展是一个机理关联的系统。     

青藏铁路沿线多年冻土区地温场变化规律

青藏铁路通过约550km的多年冻土区,统计和分析青藏高原多年冻土分布区主要气象台站的资料可以看出,近30a来高原多年冻土区的气候变化总的趋势是向着气温升高的方向发展的,气温的变化对多年冻土热状态的扰动主要表现在地温场的变化上.30多年来高原气温升高0.45℃左右,并引起冻土地温平均升高了0.2～0.3℃.分析青藏铁路通过的多年冻土地区典型地段测温孔资料,发现多年来气候转暖已经使冻土上部(20m以上)地温明显升高,影响深度已经波及到了40m.     

Identification of the “source” and “sink” patterns influencing non-point source pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Non-point source pollution is one of the primarily ecological issues affecting the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. In this paper, landscape resistance and motivation coefficient, which integrated various landscape elements, such as land use, soil, hydrology, topography, and vegetation, was established based on the effects of large-scale resistance and motivation on the formation of non-point source pollution. In addition, cost models of the landscape resistance and motivation coefficients were constructed based on the distances from the landscape units to the sub-basin outlets in order to identify the “source” and “sink” patterns affecting the formation of non-point source pollution. The results indicated that the changes in the landscape resistance and motivation coefficients of the 16 sub-basins exhibited inverse relationships to their spatial distributions. The landscape resistance and motivation cost curves were more volatile than the landscape resistance and motivation coefficient curves. The landscape resistance and motivation cost trends of the 16 sub-basins became increasingly apparent along the flow of the Yangtze River. The landscape resistance and motivation cost models proposed in this paper could be used to identify large-scale non-point source pollution “source” and “sink” patterns. Moreover, the proposed model could be used to describe the large-scale spatial characteristics of non-point source pollution formation based on “source” and “sink” landscape pattern indices, spatial localization, and landscape resistance and motivation coefficients.     

粤西金、银矿床成矿规律探讨

粤西是我国华南的主要金、银矿床集中区，区内金矿床与银（金）多金属矿床具有相间排列的分布规律，即从南到北分为以下５个矿带：廉江地区银（金）多金属矿带、高州—信宜金矿带、罗宁—云浮银（金）多金属矿带、德庆—清远金矿带、连山地区银（金）多金属矿带。本文从区域地层、岩浆岩及成矿作用等方面对粤西金、银矿床区域分布规律进行了探讨，认为影响金、银矿床分布的主要因素是不同区域地层、岩浆岩Ａｕ、Ａｇ含量的差异及金矿床与银（金）多金属矿床成矿作用的差异     

潮沟成因类型及其影响因素的探讨

潮沟是潮坪上最活跃的微地貌单元。从成因角度分出了滩面水流冲剧型、潮流辐聚侵蚀型、陆源水流侵蚀继承型和泻湖广海间潮流侵蚀型等四种潮沟类型。根据各地潮沟发育程度的明显差异,提出了影响潮沟发育的七个重要因素。     

自然地理要素空间插值的几个问题

资源管理、灾害管理、生态环境治理以及全球变化研究的需要强化了部分自然地理要素空间插值研究的重要性。这些要素空间插值的核心是建立充分逼近要素空间分布特征的函数方程。对于给定的区域与要素样本值 ,插值函数可以有多种模型形式。各类模型的精度受其理论基础、模型算法、时空尺度效应、样本数据属性等因素的综合影响。通过对国际主要插值研究成果进行分析 ,文章认为各类模型插值精度的差异缘于模型对插值要素空间变异性与空间相关性的反映 ,具体应用中 ,只有对已知样本数据进行变异性与相关性分析才能选出适当的插值方法。     

Pennsylvanian carbonate platforms adjacent to deltaic systems in an active marine foreland basin (Escalada Fm., Cantabrian Zone,NW Spain)

The Pennsylvanian marine foreland basin of the Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain) is characterized by the unique development of kilometre‐size and hundred‐metre‐thick carbonate platforms adjacent to deltaic systems. During Moscovian time, progradational clastic wedges fed by the orogen comprised proximal alluvial conglomerates and coal‐bearing deltaic sequences to distal shelfal marine deposits associated with carbonate platforms (Escalada Fm.) and distal clay‐rich submarine slopes. A first phase of carbonate platform development (Escalada I, upper Kashirian‐lower Podolskian) reached a thickness of 400 m, nearly 50 km in width and developed a distal high‐relief margin facing a starved basin, nearly 1000‐m deep. Carbonate slope clinoforms dipped up to 30° and consisted of in situ microbial boundstone, pinching out downslope into calciturbidites, argillaceous spiculites and breccias. The second carbonate platform (Escalada II, upper Podolskian‐lower Myachkovian) developed beyond the previous platform margin, following the basinward progradation of siliciclastic deposits. Both carbonate platforms include: (1) a lower part composed of siliciclastic‐carbonate cyclothems characterized by coated‐grain and ooid grainstones; and (2) a carbonate‐dominated upper part, composed of tabular and mound‐shaped wackestone and algal‐microbial boundstone strata alternating at the decametre scale with skeletal and coated‐grain grainstone beds. Carbonate platforms initiated in distal sectors of the foreland marine shelf during transgressions, when terrigenous sediments were stored in the proximal part, and developed further during highstands of 3rd‐order sequences in a high‐subsidence context. During the falling stage and lowstand systems tracts, deltaic systems prograded across the shelf burying the carbonate platforms. Key factors involved in the development of these unique carbonate platforms in an active foreland basin are: (1) the large size of the marine shelf (approaching 200 km in width); (2) the subsidence distribution pattern across the marine shelf, decreasing from proximal shoreline to distal sectors; (3) Pennsylvanian glacio‐eustacy affecting carbonate lithofacies architecture; and (4) the environmental conditions optimal for fostering microbial and algal carbonate factories.     

2008年1月河南低温雨雪天气的中期环流特征

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,对2008年1月中下旬河南省出现的低温雨雪天气的特征、大尺度环流形势以及高低层大气的状态进行分析.结果表明: 2008年1月西太平洋副热带高压异常偏强偏北,有利于西南暖湿气流沿副高边缘向北输送,影响河南;东亚地区500 hPa高度距平东西部差距显著,标志着亚洲中纬度地区槽脊加强,环流经向度加大;东亚有较强冷空气活动,东亚从36候850 hPa明显的经向风负距平,也反映该时段冷空气活动较强.分析结果还显示,河南省冬季的持续低温雨雪天气与乌拉尔山阻塞高压的建立和维持有紧密联系:从乌拉尔山阻高的建立、维持到河南省低温雨雪天气的开始,从乌拉尔山阻高的崩溃到河南省雨雪天气的结束,中间的时间间隔约为510天.因此,乌拉尔山阻高的建立、维持和崩溃,对河南省低温雨雪天气的开始和结束有一定的指示意义.     

中国地震科学实验场:历史与未来

如同一百个人的心目中有一百个哈姆雷特,一百个地震科学家心中也许会有一百二十个中国地震科学实验场.本文简要介绍一下经过两年时间,通过很多专家的沟通、讨论、争论、碰撞所形成的关于中国地震科学实验场的一些“共识性”基本概念,在一定意义上,也算是中国地震科学实验场本身的“公共模型”(community model).